Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Lexicology - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Lexicology - Trương Văn Ánh

1. Teacher: Trương Văn Ánh
2. The history of the English language 1 The Oldest History 2 Roman Britain 3 Old English 4 Middle English 5 The Modern English
3. • The Celtic language was one of the first known to be recorded in Britain before the following invasions of the island. Celtic tribes (coming from Europe) lived in Britain in the Iron Age for over 500 years until the arrival of Romans.
4. The first people who left interesting prehistorical documents (Stonehenge is the best known) were Iberians – people from the Mediterranean countries, who settled in Britain between 3000 and 2000 BC, but they did not influence the further development of language.
5.  The Gaels and the Britons were the Celtic tribes, coming from North-western Germany, which settled on the British Isles during the 6th – 2nd cts BC. The main spheres where the traces of their language are left are the place names (Avon, Thames, London, Dover,etc).  The name of the Gaels still lives in Gaelic, the name of the Celtic language used in the Scottish Highlands by a few thousand people. Celtic Britain was invaded by the Romans.
6.  The influence of Celtic upon Old English was slight. In fact, very few Celtic words have lived on in the English language. But many of place and river names have Celtic origins: Kent, York, Dover, Cumberland, Thames, Avon, Trent, Severn.  Between 1,500 and 500 BCE, Celtic tribes migrated from Central Europe and France to Britain and mixed with the indigenous inhabitants, creating a new culture slightly distinct from the Continental Celtic one. This was the Bronze Age.
7. - By the end of the 1st century AD, Britain became a Roman colony. This military occupation lasted until the early 5th century. Roman occupation made a lasting impression on British society. They built cities (villas), public roads, theatres, public baths, public monuments. - We can find a few words in Modern English which have their origin in Latin from the times of the Great Roman Empire (wall – vallum, street – via strata, chester – castra). Although the Roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years, it failed to Latinise the country. Britain, as the most remote of the Roman provinces was among the earliest to fall away.
8. Let’s study the following text: Fổder ure ỵu ỵe eart on heofonum; Si ỵin nama gehalgod to becume ỵin rice gewurỵe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedổghwamlican hlaf syle us todổg And forgyf us ure gyltas Swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum And ne gelổd ỵu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soỵlice
9. Old English (600-1100) The history of the English language begins after the Germanic tribes - Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded and settled the most part of the Celtic islands of Britain. They spoke Low German dialects. The Old English speech was heterogeneous because of different Germanic tribes.
10.  The first English literary language was based on the regional dialects used in West- Saxon territory in the 10th century.  But the Modern English is not derived from that Old English literary language, because the Norman Conquest (1066, The Battle of Hastings) was the reason of the complete disappearance of this first standard English.
11. • The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is the epic poem Beowulf composed by an unknown poet.
12. Middle English (1100 – 1500) • The Battle of Hastings gave England a new ruling class. The Normans spoke French, while the English speaking population preserved the language and tradition of the country. • Later the Normans in Britain began to speak English mixed with French words. So the vocabulary of English local dialects was in that period enriched by a great number of words of French origin. The period of Middle English may be characterised as a phase without standardization with the strong influence of French. • At the end of this period English was regaining its former role as an official language. Geoffrey Chaucer by his Canterbury Tales established the written London English as the base for a new national literary Standard English. So-called Chaucery English was used as the new official language.
13. Modern English The Modern English period started with the centralisation of the state under the Tudors, and the strengthening of the political and economic unity of England. The beginning of the Modern English period is the beginning of the English language as is spoken nowadays.
14. 1. How many periods are there in the history of English? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6
15. 2. What is the influence on English of the Celtic Civilisation? A. No influence B. Just traces – placed names C. Beginning of the history of English, the language of Germanic tribes
16. 3. Which language family does the ultimate origins of the English language lie in? A. Indo-European B. Latin C. North American
17. 4. What is another name for Old English? A. Middle English B. Anglo-Saxon C. Celtic
18. 5. Which one of the following texts was composed during the Old English period? A. The Canterbury Tales B. Beowulf C. Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge
19. 6. During the Middle English period, many words were borrowed from: A. Celtic B. Urdu C. French
20. 7. Published in 1604, the first monolingual English dictionary was: A. Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. B. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language. C. Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall.
21. 8. What time is the middle English? A. End of the 1st ct AD - the early 5th ct AD B. 600 - 1100 AD C. 1100-circa 1500 AD
22. 9. What is the influence on English of the Roman Britain? A. A few words in Modern English which have their origin in Latin from the times of the Great Roman Empire. B. Phase without standardisation with strong influence of French, English local dialects enriched by a great number of words of French origin. C. 10th ct - the first literary English based on West-Saxon dialects - that 'first standard English' disappeared because of the Norman Conquest.
23. 10. Which one of the following texts is the most famous Chaucer’s in the Middle English? A. The House of Fame. B. Hamlet. C. The Canterbury Tales
24. THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS ❖ Over the course of its development the English language has been influenced by the other languages. ❖ According to the measure of the influence, we distinguish major and minor influences on the development of the English language.
25. I.) Major Influences : Celtic Roman Scandinavian Latin and Greek Norman and French
26. 3) Scandinavian: • The years 750 – 1050 are known as The Viking Age of England. • The Scandanavian languages are a group of languages originally known as North German. • Scandinavians conquered the North and East of England.  The words of Scandinavian origin may be found not only among place names (-beck, -brick), for examples: Wansbeck, Troutbeck, Prichbeck ; surnames (-son, -sen), such as Johnson, Jackson, Olsen, Rosen but also within the words from common, everyday life (window, fellow, husband, sister, sky, happy, ill, etc.).  The most important Scandinavian word is “they”.
27. 1) Celtic: • The number of celticisms in English is small (about a dozen), as the subjugated Celtic tribes had to learn the language of their Germanic conquerors. • Celtic influence on the English language is mostly apparent through place names: • Place names (Avon, The Thames, London, Dover, The Yare, Lilcon, etc.) are the main spheres where old Celtic words can be found.
28. 2) Roman: • The first Roman occupation was led by Caesar in 55 BC. • By the year 140 AD the whole Britain (except for the northernmost of Scotland) was held by Romans. • The occupation of the country by Romans lasted till the fall of Roman Empire (410 AD). • Many words used today were used by the Roman soldiers and merchants are: decimal, decade, win (wine), mille, belt
29. 4) Norman and French: • The Norman period began by the Battle of Hastings (1066), and lasted nearly 300 years. It had contributed roughly 10,000 words to English of which 75% remain in use today. • It influenced on speech, habits, customs and culture. • The main spheres where the words of Norman origin can be found are: 1. Administration (state, reign, parliament, etc.) 2. Titles of nobility (baron, prince, princess, etc.) 3. Military (war, peace, army, captain, etc.) 4. Law (justice, judge, prison, etc.) 5. Economy and trade (money, tax, rent, etc.) 6. Religion (religion, pray, service, etc.) 7. Housing (city, village, palace, etc.) 8. Culinary (pork, beef, veal, boil, etc.) 9. Occupations, crafts (carpenter, painter, tailor, etc.)
30. • A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language (nearly 30% of all English words), such as: vendue, domineer, veneer, layperson, lotto, loggia
31. 5) Latin and Greek: • The first period of Latin influence was during the Roman occupation. Some examples include: aberration, allusion, democratic, enthusiasm • The second wave of the influence came with the christianization of the country enriched the English vocabulary, such as : axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels), habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon (be), etc. • The third wave dated to the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries – the period of New Learning. Not only the vocabulary was under their influence, but also the grammar system (single negation), and stylistics.
32. Minor Influences Dutch More Italian influence Others
33. Dutch • The contact with the Dutch language was mediated by the political, commercial, and cultural contacts. • Thus the main spheres were maritime terminology (dock, gin, commodore, etc.), and terminology of drawing and painting (sketch, landscape, etc.)
34. Italian • Main spheres are business (bank, risk, bankrupt, etc.), music, and architecture. • Or Italian culture, such as pizza, gondola, balcony.
35. Others • Spanish, German, Russian, Czech, Indian, Japanese, Red Indian, etc.
36. The word-stock of English Native Borrowed
37. Native Words • A native word is a word which belongs to the original English stock, as known from the Old English period. • The native words are further subdivided into those of the Indo-European stock and those of Common Germanic origin.
38. • The words of Indo-European origin are mainly terms of kinship (e.g. father, mother, son), terms from nature (e.g. sun, moon, water, tree), names of animals and birds, (e.g. bull, cat, wolf), parts of the human body (e.g. arm, eye, foot), most frequent verbs (e.g. come, sit, stand) and others.
39. • A bigger part of the native vocabulary is formed by words of the Common Germanic stock. These words have parallels in German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic, etc. • The number of semantic groups is bigger than those of Indo-European origin. • Their character is mainly general. E.g.: summer, winter, rain, bridge, house, shop, shirt, shoe, life, need, to bake, to buy, to learn, to make, to see,
40. The degree of assimilation depends on : ❖ The time of borrowing ❖ Frequency of use ❖ The way in which the borrowing was taken over into the language (orally, through writing)
41. E.g: wine, window, chair.
42. 2. Partially assimilated words • borrowings not completely assimilated phonetically. E.g: the accent on the final syllable: machine, cartoon, police; sounds that are not standard for the English language: [ʒ] – bourgeois, prestige, regime.
43. 2. Partially assimilated words • borrowings not assimilated grammatically. E.g: crisis – crises, phenomenon – phenomena.
44. 2. Partially assimilated words • borrowings not assimilated semantically denote: - Foreign clothing: sari, sombrero - Foreign titles and professions: shah, rajah, toreador - Foreign vehicles: rickshaw - Foreign food and drinks: pilau (Persian - плов), sherbet
45. 3 . Unassimilated The words from other languages for which there are corresponding English equivalents are so-called barbarisms. E.g: the Italian addio, ciao (‘good bye’), the French coiffure (‘hairstyle’), ennui (‘boredom’).
46. 1. Name the major and minor influences (from “other minor influences” choose any three). For every influence find one example (other than the examples given in the text!) - Major influences: Celtic, Roman, Scandinavian (Viking Age), Norman and French, Latin and Greek - Minor influences: L/O/G/O Dutch, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian, Czech, Indian, Japanese, etc.
47. 2. How can the English words be divided according to their origin? A. Borrowed words and loan words B. Native words and borrowed words C. Completely assimilated words, Partially assimilated words.
48. 3. How can the native English words be characterised? A. Native words are subdivided into those of the Indo-European stock and those of the Common Germanic stock. B. They constitute 80 % of the 500 most frequent words. C. They are able to combine with other words, they are frequent, usually have more than one meaning, they are often formed by just one syllable, new words can be created from them, and they form set expressions. D. A,B,C are correct.
49. 4. What are borrowed words ? A. They are the words which belong to the original English stock, as known from the Old English period. B. They constitute about 80 % of the 500 most frequent words in English. C. They are the words which have come to English from other languages. 70 % of English vocabulary consists of them.
50. 5. How do we divide them according to the degree of assimilation? A. Completely assimilated words, Partially assimilated words, Unassimilated words. B. Completely assimilated words, loan words, native words C. Partially assimilated words, unassimilated words, borrowed words.