Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Functional English Grammar 1 - Trương Văn Ánh

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1. Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for Second Language Teachers Mr. Trương Văn Ánh
2. Unit 1 Basic concepts Formal and functional grammar Formal grammar focuses on rules which specify all the possible grammatical structures of the language. It analyzes sentences made up to illustrate different grammatical rules rather than sentences drawn from real world sources. Functional grammar considers language a communicative tool and grammar is analyzed
3. to discover how it is organized to allow speakers and writers to make and exchange meanings. Functional grammar focuses on the appropriate form for a particular communicative purpose in a particular context. 1) Thi No was loved by Chi Pheo. 2) Chi Pheo loved Thi No. Formal grammar sees the two sentences as an active and a passive while functional grammar consider them two kinds of communication.
4. Levels of analysis Linguists usually identify the following four levels: Phonology Lexis Grammar Semantics Phonology shows the sound system of a particular language. Lexis or lexicology refers to words of vocabulary of a language.
5. Grammar refers to (1) the arrangement of words and (2) the internal structure of words. Ex: Jack played tennis in the court yesterday. The words are arranged in a grammatical string which is meaningful. It is called syntax. The verb “played” may be divided into two parts: “play” + “ed”. The first part indicates an action and the second marks past tense. This aspect of grammar is called morphology. Semantics shows the systems of meaning in a language. Sometimes grammar and lexis are put on the same level and called lexico-grammar.
6. The organization of grammar Rank indicates different levels of organization within grammar. Sentence and Word are two ranks of grammatical organization. Sentence is the highest rank of grammatical organization. Ex: Students play tennis. This stretch of language includes one sentence and three words which are called three Units. The words can be expanded, as follows: Students who are graders 5 can play tennis.
7. (i) Students who are graders 5 (expansion of students) (ii) can play (expansion of play) (iii) tennis (without expansion) Two of the three units which are expanded are called groups. Sentence Group (i) Group (ii) Group (iii) W W W W W W W W Students who are graders 5 can play tennis Figure 1: Sentence, group, and word.
8. Besides word, group, and sentence, another rank within grammar is clause. Ex: He learns FG well, and he gets good marks. The two underlined units are called clauses. The sentence consists of two clauses. The word and is a conjunction, and it is conventionally analyzed as belonging to the second clause. In sum, there are four ranks within grammar: word, group, clause, and sentence.
9. Sentence Clause 1 Clause 2 Group Group Group Group Group Group Group Group W W W W W W W W W He learns FG well, and he gets good marks Figure 2: Sentence, clause, group, and word.
10. There are four word classes ( traditionally known as parts of speech). Let’s look at the word classes of the following sentence. N V N Students play tennis. It is possible to label the groups the same class labels. NG VG Students who are graders 5 can play tennis
11. Two other major word classes are adjective and adverb. It is certain to label their groups the same class labels. Adj Adj Jack is handsome. Jack has loyal friends. Adj G Daisy raises a very wise dog. Adv Luckily, she won the lottery. Adv G He works extremely hard.
12. Sometimes the term group is replaced by phrase. As a result, there are also noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, and adverb phrase. In this book the only phrase used is the prepositional phrase. It begins with a preposition and after it exists an object. VG NG/OBJECT Ex: The train approached the platform. VG NG/OBJECT The troop crossed the field at night.
13. Prepositional phrases PREP NG/PREP Obj toward the platform PREP NG/PREP Obj across the field
14. Embedding The noun group in - Students who are graders 5 – contains within it a clause - who are graders 5. Embedding is a case where one unit is used as a constituent of another unit at the same or a lower rank
15. Exercise Analyze clauses, groups and phrases in the following sentences. Label the word class of each group. a. That farmer lives in Sen village. b. Mike met noisy boys. c. Kathy bought beautiful clothes. d. Olga took children to school. e. Frogs hide in wet caves.
16. Grammatical functions In terms of functional language teaching, functions usually mean things such as asking for directions, describing things and people, talking about the past, the present, etc. It is possible uses of language. There are two grammatical functions: subject and finite. Identiying Subjects A question tag is added to the clause to identify the subject.
17. Tag Ex: The door is locked, isn’t it? a. Subjects are certain kinds of clauses + Subjects are That clauses Ex: That SGU has made considerable contribution to the national education is true. + Subjects are Wh- clauses Ex: What he has just said makes her surprised. When the president comes is kept secret. + Subjects are infinitive clauses Ex: To motivate him to give up smoking is her goal.
18. + Subjects are V-ing clauses Ex: Leaving Russia early made Messi very sad. b. Subjects are five pronouns: I, He, She, We, and They Ex: I believe in your competence. c. Subjects are noun groups (or nominal clauses) Ex: The front door was robust.
19. Identifying finites Finites are recognized by adding a question tag. + When a verb group includes a Finite, the Finite will always be the first constituent of the verb group. Ex: Kathy has been learning Spanish for two years. When a verb group has only one word, the word is the Finite. Ex: A mason won the Vietlott.
20. + Only Finites are marked for tenses. Ex: Mike didn’t go to the party. Past simple + Only Finites are marked for number agreement. Ex: A number of students are from Long An. The number of the students is 44. However, some finites are not marked for number agreement. Ex: The committee can pass the bill today.
21. Identify the subject and the finite of each finite clause in the following sentences. 1. My friend promised to return the book very soon. 2. Most people enjoy writing letters to their friends. 3. Tom avoids studying his lessons as long as possible. 4. Did you offer to translate those letters for them? 5. Davis finished writing the report about four o'clock.
22. 6. How soon do you expect to leave for South America? 7. Senator Robert refused to eliminate any of the major points. 8. Have you ever considered trying something different? 9. Are you going to suggest travelling by plane or not? 10. Did they promise to reserve some good seats for us?
23. 11. That that that has done makes everybody surprised. 12. How she feels is his concern. 13. When the fair takes place seems what he wants to know. 14. How many times she has repeated causes him to act quickly. 15. What you are doing now decides on your future.
24. Clause without Finites Verbs which are conjugated in tenses are called Finite. Verbs which are in 7 forms (Mr. Anh’s classification) are called nonfinite. 7 non-finite verbs 1. V: after make, bid, let, etc. Ex: He made them clean the toilets. 2. To V: order, cause, tell, etc. Ex: He ordered them to clean the toilets.
25. 3. V-ING: avoid, busy, worth, etc. Ex: She avoids cooking in the kitchen. 4. V-ED (PP): (passive meaning) see, observe, etc Ex: She saw a man hit by a car. 5. To V or V: help, know Ex: He helped her wash the dishes. He helped her to wash the dishes. 6. V or V-ING: verbs of perception: see, hear, etc Ex: He heard her sing in the room. He heard her singing in the room.
26. 7. To V or V-ING: remember, forget, like, etc. Ex: I remember lending you some money. I remember to lend you some money. + Other cases: Ex: When arrested at the bus stop, the criminal fought against the police violently. Having arrived at the scene, everyone was shocked at the brutally killed man. To sing karaoke, they bought a modern hifi complex.
27. Identify the Subject and the Finite and the nonfinite in the following sentences. 1. What you are taught should be learnt by heart. 2. Based on FG, teaching will be better. 3. That you will work in English depends on your present study. 4. To gain great achievements, you have to learn hard now. 5. Music interests and entertains everybody.
28. 6. We found a man hanged under a tree in the forest. 7. Jim allowed playing in his garden. 8. The thief was caught stealing a bicycle. 9. The woman adopted a baby abandoned in the forest. 10. That film is worth watching over night. 11. The candidate was ready to answer the questions. 12. The teacher bade the students clean the classroom.
29. Learning and teaching Subject and Finite. Even fairly advanced students may use a nonfinite verb group instead of a finite one. Ex: I do not wash my clothes except (that) I going on a vacation for a week. Notes: You and It may be Subject or Object. Have and V may finite or nonfinite. Vs are always finite Be is nonfinite
30. More functions: Object, Complement, Adjunct, and Predicator. Objects are after Finite or the rest of the verb group. A characteristic of Objects: they become the Subject in the related passive voice sentences. Ex: Diep abandoned Lan. Lan was abandoned by Diep. There are two Objects: direct Objects (often things) and indirect Objects (often people). Ex: He sent Mary roses.
31. Complements follow linking (copula/intensive) verbs. Ex: She seems happy. He becomes a doctor. Complements can be noun groups, adjective groups, prepositional phrases, and nominal clauses. Adjuncts are prepositional phrases or adverb groups. They can be omitted without making clauses ungrammatical.
32. The predicator is everything in a verb group except the Finite. Ex: They have been learning English for two years. They will have been learning English for two years at this time next year. Having been learning English for two years, they can speak it fluently. Notes: In present or past simple, the verbs are both Finites and predicators. Ex: He likes music. She bought books.
33. Identify the Adjuncts in the following sentences 1. They work in Da Lat. 2. Today it is cloudy. 3. Jimmy drove to London. 4. In the room stands a man. 5. They live in Ca Mau. 6. They swim up the stream. 7. The students in Mr. Anh’s class are beautiful and handsome. 8. They learn hard in Mr. Anh’s class.
34. Good luck!