Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Functional English Grammar 5 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Functional English Grammar 5 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for Second Language Teachers Mr. Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn
2. Unit 5 Tense and time Time can be grouped in the following ways. 1. Tenses: Ex: I met the boy you had introduced. 2. Circumstantial adjuncts: Ex: One day he met a beggar on the street. 3. Binding conjunctions: Ex: He went home after he had taken a test. 4. Conjunctive adjuncts: Ex: He bought some books. Then he went home.
3. The English tense system 1. He worked. 2. He has worked. 3. He had worked. In number 1, the absolute tense is past; there is no relative tense. There may be absolute past time, such as yesterday, at 5 p.m. or last. In number 2, the absolute tense is present and the relative tense is past. The action took place in the past and extended to the present. There may be relative time, such as recently and just.
4. In number 3, the absolute tense is past and the relative tense is past. The action is located at a time before a time in the past and extends to a past time. There may be relative time, such as recently, just, the day before, and previously. There is a selection of three absolute tenses: - Present: location at the moment of speaking or writing. - Past: a time before the moment of speaking or writing. - Future: a time after the moment of speaking or writing.
5. Relative future BE + GOING TO = BE ABOUT TO = BE TO = WOULD Future in present is going to work Future in past was going to work Future in past in present has been going to work Future in past in past had been going to work Future in future will be going to work Future in past in future will have been going to work
6. Tense and modals - Present modals: can, may, will, shall - Past modals: could, might, would, should However, could, might, would, should can be used as separate modals rather than as past tense forms of the other modals.
7. Tense in nonfinite verb groups Finite verb groups can make such tense distinctions as has worked (past in present), had worked (past in past) and will have worked (past in future). Nonfinite verb groups have only having worked (relative past). Ex: Having worked hard, he felt very tired. Having worked on these materials, you will pass the exam easily.
8. Using tense Tense and process type What are you doing? (action) I’m observing what you are doing. (mental-action) I want you to be careful. (mental) You look very worried. (relational) You’re getting nervous again. (relational-change type)
9. Simple present with action processes These action processes are combined with simple present tense. They are called habitual, and timeless actions or general/universal actions. Ex: He usually goes to the pub. Stone sinks in the water. The train arrives at ten. (timetabled future) First he went to the warehouse (past time actions within narrative).
10. Continuous tenses with mental processes Mental processes in continuous tenses often carries the sense of beginning to or temporary (not permanent). Ex: She is believing him. She is wondering if he remembers her birthday.
11. Continuous tenses with relational processes Linking verb BE in continuous tenses suggests a kind of temporary behaviour. Ex: He is being stubborn. (behaving in a stubborn way). You are being smart. (behaving in a smart way).
12. Tenses in contexts Tense selections in narratives In a story (narrative), simple past is the main tense tangential with the previous event (past perfect), the following event (future in the past) or simultaneous events (past continuous). Ex: Last week I went to the countryside. I was fishing at a pond when I saw a boy. He had been wounded in a bush. I told him that I would take him to hospital.
13. The simple present tense may be used in the narratives when: A place which still exists is mentioned. Ex: Last week I went to Ganh Hao. Ganh Hao is a small town in Bac Lieu. The narrator introduces the story. Ex: This story takes place in the 20th century. The narrator wants to make the story more vivid. Ex: I step on a snake. At once it bites me on my calf. Luckily, my jeans are very tough, so I am unhurt.
14. Tense selections in descriptions Present simple is used to describe people, places and things. Ex: A toad lives in a cave by day and goes out by night. One action process with modal auxiliary may be used to describe specific individuals. Ex: Talking about places of interest in Vietnam, we can mention Thien Mu pagoda in Hue. To give some depth to description, we may use present perfect.
15. Ex: More and more visitors have been to Thien Mu pagoda. (meaning up to now) Tense selections in predictions Future tenses are used to predict events. Absolute future (with absolute time) Ex: He will visit DaLat next week. Future perfect (past in future) locates a change prior to the absolute time. Ex: The house will have finished before Tet.
16. Tense selections in conversation Tenses in conversation are rather flexible. A whole range of tenses can occur. Ex: A- You look happy. B- Yes, I won the lottery yesterday. A- Congratulations! B- I am thinking of buying something. A- What? B- Maybe, I will buy a car.
17. Different interpretations of tense In English grammar there are many tenses. Yet, based on inflection for present and past tenses, linguists claim that English has only two tenses. Present: work/works Sing/sings worked Sang Have worked = present tense + perfect aspect Are working = present tense + conti. aspect Processes viewed as a whole or complete are called perfective.
18. Processes viewed as a part or not complete are called imperfective. Note these distinctions: Perfect: Past process with an orientation to the present. Simple: Absolute time (at a time) Continuous: beyond the here and now
19. Learning and teaching tenses Vietnamese has no tenses, so our learners have considerable difficulty in learning English tense system. English insists on marking every finite verb group for absolute tense. Vietnamese has adverbs “đã”, “đang” and “sẽ” to show tenses; “rồi”, and “chưa” to indicate aspects. Each mentioned word may be used in the past, present or future.
20. Circumstantial Adjuncts of time There are three basic kinds of Circumstantial Adjuncts of time: duration (how long), location (when), and frequency (how often). Duration in time Ex: He has studied English for two years. (with preposition FOR) They’ve been waiting there nearly two hours now. (without any preposition)
21. Location in time Prepositions ON, IN, AT or adverb groups such as ONCE UPON A TIME, EVERY DAY, etc. may be used. Prepositions BEFORE, TILL, UNTIL, TO, and BY refer to a time before or leading up to a location in time. Prepositions FROM, AFTER, and SINCE refers to a time after or starting from a location in time.
22. Frequency in time Frequency is typically expressed by adverbs, adverb groups, and noun groups. Ex: He buys his clothes every year. They import flour annually. Relative frequency is expressed by adverbs of frequency. Ex: She rarely travels overseas. He often helps the poor.
23. Conjunctive Adjuncts of time Two parts of a text can be linked by Conjunctive Adjuncts of time. Ex: First they collected woods Then they made fire Finally they began to have dinner. Interpersonal Adjuncts of time A small number of Adjuncts express attitude toward the time location: ALREADY (earlier than might be expected), STILL (longer in duration than might be expected), and AT LAST (later than expected).
24. Exercise Use the correct tenses of the following processes: (finite or non-finite verbs) 1. Normally he is stupid, but he (be) wise today. 2. He wants (go) to the restaurant yesterday. 3. He wants (take) to the restaurant yesterday. 4. Mother (cook) dinner, and he can eat it now. 5. Mother (cook) dinner, and he has to wait for it now. 6. (live) in HCMC now, he has tried his best to study and work very hard.
25. Good luck!