Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Functional English Grammar 6 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Functional English Grammar 6 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. Functional English Grammar: An Introduction for Second Language Teachers Mr. Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn
2. Unit 6 Interpersonal function 1: Speech acts and mood Speech acts When using language, we not only make propositional statements about objects, entities, states of affairs and so on, but we also fufill functions such as requesting, denying, introducing, apologizing, etc. Speech act is an utterance as a functional unit in communication. (Richards et al, 1985: 265).
3. According to Graham Lock, there are five kinds of speech acts: Mood Speech act Example typically realized Declarative Statement They bought it. Interrogative Question Did they buy it? (Yes-no type) Interrogative Question What did they buy ? Imperative Directive Buy it. Exclamative Exclamation How nice it is!
4. Mood Normally declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative moods typically realize the speech acts statement, question, directive, and exclamation, respectively. However, the mood of a clause can be identified simply from its structure. The interpretation of a speech act normally depends on structure, context and intonation. The typical relationships between mood and speech act can be skewed, creating what are called indirect speech acts.
5. Ex: Why don’t we drink some lemonade? This is in form of a WH question, however, it is not a question. In fact, it is a kind of suggestion. Therefore, it is a directive. Isn’t it a nice day? It is in interrogative mood, but it is not a question. It is an exclamation.
6. Mood structure The two functions Subject and Finite are vital to the structural realization of mood in English. Declarative and interrogative mood The difference between declarative and interrogative moods depends on the ordering of Subject and Finite. The basic system, where ^ means followed by, is as follows: Declarative: Subject ^ Finite Wh-interrogative: Wh-Finite ^Subject Yes-no interrogative: Finite ^Subject
7. In a verb group, the first constituent is Finite, the remaining constituents are predicator. SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR Ex: Henry can speak English. SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR Ex: Jack will be waiting for her then. FINITE SUBJECT PREDICATOR Ex: Will Jack be waiting for her then? Finite and Predicator are only one, as follows: SUBJECT FIN/PRE FIN/PRE SUBJ Ex: The day was nice. Was the day nice?
8. Imperative mood The clauses begin with a Predicator in V (base) form of the verb, with no Subject or Finite. Ex: Stand up. Close the windows. The subject is sometimes stated. Ex: You girls keep silent in class. For emphasis, the Finite auxiliary do may be used. Ex: Do close the windows.
9. Exclamative mood Exclamative mood clauses have the forms: + What-Object/Complement ^Subject ^Finite OBJECT SUBJECT FIN/PRE Ex: What dress you have! COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FIN/PRE Ex: What a genius you are! OBJECT SUBJECT FINITE PREDICATOR Ex: What cake you are making! Ex: What a car!
10. + How-Complement/Adjunct ^Subject ^Finite COMPLEMENT SUBJECT FIN/PRE Ex: How nice the day is! ADJUNCT SUBJECT FIN/PRE Ex: How beautifully she sings! Ex: How modern! How carefully!
11. Mood and polarity Clauses have two polarities: positive and negative. Negative particle NOT directly follows the Finite. Ex: He may not come here. Don’t you support me? Where won’t you live? Don’t look at me!
12. Questions Yes-no interrogative questions Yes-no interrogative mood clauses expect the addressee to assert or negate information. Ex: A- Do you like music? B- Yes, I do/No, I don’t. If the question has negative polarity, the answer NO confirms the information. Ex: A- Haven’t you been to Ha Noi? B- No, I haven’t.
13. Sometimes a declarative clause follows the answer NO in elliptical form. Ex: A- Do you like music? B- No, my wife does. Sometimes a full declarative clause repeats the information in the question. Ex: A- Is it a nice dress? B- Yes, it’s a nice dress.
14. Wh-interrogative questions Wh-interrogative mood clauses request specific pieces of information. Ex: A- what would you like to drink? B- Coke. A- Where will you go? B- Hai Phong. The addressee can even violate what he is expected to give. Ex: A- When will he go there? B- He won’t.
15. Tag questions A tag consisting of Finite ^Subject is added to a declarative mood clause to form tag questions. Ex: A- He is religious, isn’t he? B- No, he isn’t. The polarities in the declarative clauses and the tags are different. However, the polarities can be the same: Ex: A- The train was late, was it? B- Sure was.
16. It is implied that A was not on the platform but has surmised that B found the train late. If the tag had been negative, A would have gone to the platform and found his opinion true. Declarative mood questions Declarative mood clauses can sometimes realize the speech act of question. The intonation rises in this case. Ex: A- You saw a ghost? B- Yes, I did see it. The answer often confirms the information.
17. Directives A wide range of structural options is available for expressing directives. Imperative mood directives Besides commands or orders, the directness and strength of the directive may vary greatly. Instruction: Take a tablet every eight hours. Warning: Mind your head. Advice: Don’t stand in the rain too long.
18. Interrogative and declarative mood directives A modal auxiliary may be used in interrogative and declarative mood directives. Ex: You must go and apologize to him at once. Could you step aside? Would you girls stop talking! Responding, one may use a verbal compliance: Ex: Could you buy me a loaf of bread on the way home? Yeah, sure. or an apology for refusing: Ex: Sorry, I will go home late this evening.
19. Learning and teaching mood and speech acts Vietnamese and English have different ways of distinguishing statements from questions. Vietnamese: Bạn có hai con. English: You have two children. Vietnamese: Bạn có bao nhiêu con? English: You have how many children? Vietnamese: Điều này có nghĩa là nghèo English: This means poverty. Vietnamese: Điều này có nghĩa là gì? English: This means what?
20. YES following a negative question means a negative sentence while NO following a negative question means a affirmative sentence. Ex: Aren’t you hungry? Yes. (I’m not hungry) No. (I’m hungry)
21. Good luck!