Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Discourse analysis 1 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Discourse analysis 1 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Mr. Trương Văn Ánh 1
2. REFERENCES 1. Guy Cook (1989), Discouse, Oxford University Press. 2. Halliday M. A. K. (1994), Discourse Analysis, London, Equinox. 3. McCathy Michael (1991), Discourse analysis for language teachers, Cambridge University Press. 4. Nunan David (1998), Introducing Discourse Analysis, Penguin English. 2
3. 5. Fromkin & others (1999) An Introduction to Language. Thanh Nien Publishing House. 6. Gleason, H.A. (1961) An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics: English Morphology. N.Y. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. 7. Jackson, H. (1981) Analyzing English: An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. Pergamon Institute of English. 8. Jacobs, Roderick A. (1995) English Syntax. A grammar for English Language Professionals. OUP. 3
4. How to assess Attendance: 10% Mid test: 30% (in week 7) Final test: 60% A- Theory: (3ms) B- Practice: (7ms) 4
5. Chapter 1 What is discourse analysis? What is discourse? Discourse analysis is concerned with the study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which it is used. Discourse analysts study language in use: written texts of all kinds, and spoken data, from conversation to highly formal forms of speech. 5
6. a.    b. Telephone Victory Danger c. - Hi - Hi. How are you? - I’m fine, thanks. And you? - Not bad. d. Tomorrow there will be no class. Students may stay home and self-study. All of them are different kinds of discourse. 6
7. Discourse versus text Discourse analysis focuses on the structure of naturally spoken language as found in conversation interviews, commentaries and speeches. Text analysis focuses on the structure of written language, as found in such text as essays, notices, road signs and chapters. (Crystal, 1987) Some scholars talk about “spoken or written” discourse, other about “spoken or written” text. (Crystal, 1987) 7
8. It means discourse and text can be used almost synonymously. But a distinction is always there and that in discourse has some social purpose while text fulfills the function of communication of some meaning only. As suggested by Michel Stubbs (1983), who treats text and discourse as more or less synonymous. Hawthorn (1992) says text may be non- interactive where as a discourse is interactive. Means to say text is non- interactive that’s it only fulfills the function of conveying some meaning. But discourse 8
9. is always involved in two ways responses in some formal or informal conversation and dialogues, etc. Hawthorn (1992) further says “discourse is a linguistic communication seen as a transaction between speaker and hearer. While text is also a linguistic communication (either spoken or written) seen simply as a message coded in its auditory or visual medium”. 9
10. To conclude we can say discourse and text have something in common as both use the medium of language whether in sign language. Both have some meaning that they try to convey. But text has a limited scope as compared with discourse. In other words, we can say discourse is somewhat broad category in the system of language. And text deals with the written form of language. Discourse has different forms as discourse of advertising, 10
11. discourse of racism, discourse of medical, etc. But text has no such forms. Discourse can be found with in text. And not vice versa. Text has its maximum interpretation in its ownself but discourse has a lot of things above the language level. 11
12. Spoken versus written language Although spoken language emerged before written language, written texts are much more than merely “talk written down”. With the emergence of cultures based on agriculture rather than hunting and gathering, people needed permanent records which could be referred to over and over again. Halliday (1985b) suggests that written language is used for action (public signs, product labels, television and radio guides) 12
13. for information (newspapers, magazines) for entertainment (comic strips, fiction books) The differences between spoken and written modes are not absolute. This means that some spoken texts will be more like written texts than others, while some written texts will be more like spoken texts than others. Ex: (1a) Go in and make yourself at home. (1b) Someone went in and made himself at home. 13
14. Grammar Linguistically, written language tends to consist of clauses that are internally complex, whereas with spoken language the complexity exists in the ways in which clauses are joined together. 14
15. (1c) Like Vincent d’Indy, a disciple of Ceasar Frank, Chausson shares with them a dreamy, even idle poetry, sumptuous but precise orchestration, and an enemy that is intimate rather than powerful, ascetic rather than importunate. (1d) This morning Associate Professor Dean Wolfe will talk about the science of music at half-past eleven, and we’ll hear some fascinating things such as musicians playing music backwards – but most of it will be played forwards! 15
16. The written text, 1c, seems to have more information packed into it. This text contains only one main clause, in contrast with the spoken text in which there are several clauses chained together in an additive fashion. 16
17. If the speaker above had had the opportunity to present the same content in written form, he may produced: (1e) This morning at half-past eleven, Associate Professor Dean Wolfe will present a program titled “The science of music”, in which the listeners will experience a number of fascinating things, including music played backwards – although most will be played forwards! 17
18. Lexical density Spoken and written language also differ in the ratio of content words to grammatical or function words. (Content or lexical words include nouns and verbs, adjectives, adverbs while grammatical words include such things as prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, interjections and articles). The number of lexical or content words per clause is referred to as lexical density. 18
19. In the following example, there are twelve content words in a single clause, and it therefore has a lexical density of twelve. (1f) The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster trains running in the most adverse weather conditions. 19
20. A spoken version of the above text might be as follows: (1g) You can control the trains this way and if you do that you can be quite sure that they’ll be able to run more safely and more quickly than they would otherwise no matter how bad the weather gets. 20
21. In (1g), there are ten content words (control, trains, way, sure, run, safely, quickly, bad, weather, gets) distributed between five clauses, which gives the text a lexical density of two. The density of written language is also reinforced by the tendency to create nouns from verbs. Spoken Written Good writers reflect Reflection is a on what they write. characteristic of good writer. 21
22. Halliday (1985b) calls this process of turning verbs into nouns grammatical metaphor. (Verbs are transformed into “things” and represented as nouns. It is this transformation which led Halliday to use the term “metaphor’. 22
23. Exercises on lexical density 1. He learns English well so that he can teach well in the future. 2. We call him Teo. 3. Jack often helps the poor with some seasonal jobs. 4. Because they committed stealing a car, they were put in prison then. 5. They can food in a factory which exports to many countries. 23
24. He can study English. They were engineers. They were learning French then. They can can food in the factory. His will will affect their future. He should emphasize the importance of his study. The word should should be emphasized in this sentence. Well, I am well today. 24
25. 1. Jack learns better than his friends do. 2. He does love her more than his friend does. 3. The son is more handsome than his younger is. 4. They saw the log with a saw. 5. A sheep greets him baa, baa. 6. The students do an exercise in the class. 25
26. Situation Spoken and written language also differ in terms of the demands that they make on the listener or reader. With written language there is no common situation, as there is in face-to-face interaction. 26
27. Types of discourse We can classify discourse types in terms of the communicative job they are doing. Texts could be divided into dialogue and monologue. Another division would be into those that are basically transactional in nature, and those that are basically interpersonal. Transactional language is that which occurs when participants are concerned with the exchange of goods and services. Interpersonal language, on the other hand, occurs when the speakers are concerned with socializing. 27
28. In cosidering the purposes for which language is used, we can distinguish between “transactional” language, which is language used to obtain goods and services, and “interpersonal” language, which is language used for socializing. 28
29. THE END 29