Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Discourse analysis 4 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh Lớp 9 - Discourse analysis 4 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 4 Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn 1
2. Adjacency pairs In a dialog, two exchanges next to each other are called an adjacency pair. Adjacency pairs include question-reply, introduction-greeting, praising-thank, blaming-excusing, inviting-refusal, praising- refusal, and so on. Ex: A: How much is the car? B: Two billion dong. C: My name is Jack. D: Hi, Jack. Pleased to meet you. 2
3. Many actions in conversation are accomplished through established adjacency pairs, examples of which include: - call/beckon → response "Waiter!" → "Yes, sir“ - complaint → excuse/remedy "It's awfully cold in here" → "Oh, sorry, I'll close the window“ - Compliment → acceptance/refusal "I really like your new haircut!!" → "Oh, thanks”. 3
4. - Degreeting → degreeting "See you!" → "Yeah, see you later!" - Inform → acknowledge "Your phone is over there" → "I know” - Greeting → greeting "Hiya!" → "Oh, hi!” - Offer → acceptance/rejection "Would you like to visit the museum with me this evening?" → "I'd love to!” 4
5. - Request → acceptance/rejection "Is it OK if I borrow this book?" → "I'd rather you didn't, it's due back at the library tomorrow". 5
6. Inserted pairs An adjacency pair may include another question-answer pair: Ex: A: Where’s the milk I bought this morning? B: The skim milk? A: Yeah. B: On the counter. An inserted pair is in the middle of the dialog. 6
7. In the following exchange, the turns which separate the parts of the request-acceptance pair are insertion sequences: A: I wanted to order some more paint.(Request) B: Yes, how many tubes would you like, sir? (Question 1) A: Um, what's the price with tax? (Question 2) B: Er, I'll just work that out for you. (Hold) A: Thanks. (Acceptance) B: Three nineteen a tube, sir. (Answer 2) A: I'll have five, then. (Answer 1) B: Here you go. (Acceptance) 7
8. Preferred or dispreferred responses The second pair part may be preferred or dispreferred responses. A: I really enjoyed the movie last night. Did you ? B: No, I thought it was pretty crummy, though I can see how you could’ve liked certain part of it. The second part (B) is dispreferred. 8
9. Analyze the following pair: A. The book is interesting. B. I think so. The second part (B) is preferred. 9
10. Invitation 1 A: Why don’t you come up and see me some time? Acceptance B: I would like to. Invitation 2 A: uh if you’d care to come and visit a little while this morning I’ll give you a cup of coffee. Refusal 11
11. B: hehh well that’s awfully sweet of you I don’t think I can make it this morning hh uhm I’m running an ad in the paper and uh I have to stay near the phone. As the two examples above illustrate, the production of a dispreferred second generally requires more conversational effort than a preferred second. In example 2, one can distinguish the following components in B's turn: delaying a response + marker + expressing appreciation of the offer + declination itself + giving a reason for why one has to decline. 12
12. There are situations in which a 'disagreement' counts as a preferred second following an assessement: Assessment: I haven't done well, haven't I? Disagreement: Nonsense. Of course, you did well! 13
13. Repairs When the conversation is broken down, Repairs are the things done to fix a conversational breakdown and restore alignment. Breakdowns can be misunderstandings ("What did you say?"; "What do you mean?") as well as disagreements ("I think you’re wrong"), rejections ("No, I won’t") and other difficulties, assessments ("That’s good"), newsmarks ("Oh, wow!), continuers ("uh huh"), formulations (giving the gist of what’s been said), collaborative Completions (finishing the speaker’s sentence) 14
14. A: Where have you put the book? B: On the shelf. A: uh huh. B: I have read it. A says “uh huh” to encourage B to continue the conversation. (A wants B to repair the conversation). 15
15. THE END 16