Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ) - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Relative clause (Mệnh đề quan hệ) - Trương Văn Ánh

1. Relative clause Mệnh đề quan hệ Mr. Anh
2. Caùc ñaïi töø quan heä laø: WHO, WHOM,WHOSE, WHICH, THAT, OF WHICH, WHY, WHERE, . WHO chæ ngöôøi vaø laøm chuû ngöõ: Thí duï: The woman who was interviewed yesterday has been given the job. This is his uncle, who is a lawyer. WHOM chæ ngöôøi vaø laøm taân ngöõ. Thí duï: The man to whom you spoke is famous. The man whom you spoke to is famous. The man whom you know is in charge of ø this department.
3. WHICH chæ vaät coù theå laøm chuû ngöõ hoaëc taân ngöõ . Thí duï: The car which had been lost was found. The flat which we live in is comfortable. Or: The flat in which we live is comfortable WHICH coù theå thay cho caû caâu ñöùng tröôùc ñoù. Meänh ñeà phuï tính töø ñöôïc goïi laø meänh ñeà keát noái (Connective Clause). Thí duï: He invited them to dinner, which was very kind of him. She studies excellently, which makes her parents happy. Vietnam defeated the US imperialists, which caused people all over the world shocked.
4. * Phaûi coù moät daáu phaåy giöõa meänh ñeà chính vaø meänh ñeà phuï tính töø. THAT chæ duøng trong meänh ñeà haïn ñònh (Defining relative = Restrictive clause). THAT coù theå thay cho WHO, WHOM vaø WHICH. Thí duï: The woman that was interviewed yesterday has been given the job. The car that had been lost was found. The man that you spoke to is famous The flat that we live in is comfortable.
5. * THAT khoâng theå ñaët sau giôùi töø. Trong nhöõng tröôøng hôïp sau ñaây ta duøng THAT chöù khoâng duøng WHO, WHOM hoaëc WHICH. - Sau tính töø so saùnh cöïc caáp vaø soá thöù töï. Thí duï: This is the most interesting film that I have ever watched. You are the first foreigner that have visited my village. - Sau ONLY Thí duï: This is the only bicycle that I have.
6. - Sau nhöõng ñaïi töø : ALL, SOME, SOMEONE, SOMEBODY, SOMETHING, ANY, ANYTHING, ANYONE, ANYBODY, EVERYTHING, EVERYONE, EVERYBODY,, NO, NONE, NOT ANY, NOTHING, NOBODY, MUCH, LITTLE, v.v Thí duï: All that glitters is not gold. There's not much that can be done. You will find nobody that can do this work. - Sau tieàn vò töï (the antecedent) chæ caû ngöôøi chæ caû ngöôøi laãn vaät. Thí duï: She met a cowboy and a lot of cows that were moving toward the meadow.
7. - Sau cuïm töø " IT IS / WAS " Thí duï: It is the students that are important to the teachers, not the kind of school they teach in. It was the workers that went on a strike. - That khoâng ñöôïc söû duïng sau giôùi töø. Thí duï: He is the doctor about whom I told you. He is the doctor that I told you about. * THAT khoâng ñöôïc duøng trong caâu coù meänh ñeà tính töø khoâng haïn ñònh ( non-restrictive clause).
8. WHOSE coù theå thay theá cho töø sôû höõu chæ ngöôøi vaø vaät. Thí duï: Do you know the woman whose son has just won a national prize? I told you about Mary, whose father is a billionaire. The book whose cover is torn is lying on the shelf. OF WHICH ñöôïc duøng ñeå chæ sôû höõu cuûa vaät thay theá cho WHOSE, nhöng ít ñöôïc söû duïng treân thöïc teá.
9. Thí duï: The book the cover of which is torn is lying on the shelf. We saw the house the roof of which had been blown away by the storm. The snake the neck of which was swollen terrified us. Khi söû duïng OF WHICH danh töø bò sôû höõu ñöôïc ñaët tröôùc noù. * ÔÛ vò trí taân ngöõ trong meänh ñeà haïn ñònh, WHOM, WHICH vaø THAT coù theå boû ñi.
10. Thí duï: He is the doctor I told you about. The man you know is in charge of ø this department. The flat we live in is comfortable. WHEN ñöôïc söû duïng thay cho danh töø chæ thôøi gian. Löu yù: WHEN töông ñöông vôùi PREPOSITION + WHICH hoaëc WHICH PREPOSITION. Thí duï: She always remember the day when she met him for the first time.
11. She always remember the day on which she met him for the first time. The year when a terrible storm happened is 1923. The year in which a terrible storm happened is 1923. The year which a terrible storm happened in is 1923. WHERE ñöôïc söû duïng thay cho danh töø chæ nôi choán. Löu yù: WHERE töông ñöông vôùi PREPOSITION + WHICH hoaëc WHICH PREPOSITION.
12. Thí duï: The place where uncle Ho was born is Sen village. The place in which uncle Ho was born is Sen village. The place which uncle Ho was born in is Sen village. Come to Bac Lieu, where you can enjoy the most aromatic longan. Come to Bac Lieu, in which you can enjoy the most aromatic longan. Come to Bac Lieu, which you can enjoy the most aromatic longan in.
13. WHY ñöôïc söû duïng thay cho danh töø chæ nguyeân nhaân. Löu yù: WHY töông ñöông vôùi FOR + WHICH hoaëc WHICH FOR. Thí duï: The reason why she is sad is secret. The reason for which she is sad is secret. The reason which she is sad for is secret.
14. *RELATIVE CLAUSES: (Meänh ñeà quan heä) Thoâng thöôøng hoïc vieân ñöôïc cho töøng caëp hai caâu ñôn ñeå vieát keát hôïp laïi thaønh moät caâu phöùc coù meänh ñeà quan heä. Thí duï: The man is a hunter. He helped her. Here is the pen. She bought it yesterday. That is the woman. Her son studies excellently.
15. Ñeå laøm baøi taäp loaïi naøy ta tieán haønh 3 böôùc: - Böôùc 1: Xaùc ñònh töø gioáng nhau ôû hai caâu. ÔÛ caëp caâu ñaàu tieân “The man” vaø “He” gioáng nhau. ÔÛ caëp caâu thöù hai “the pen” vaø “it” gioáng nhau. ÔÛ caëp caâu thöù ba “the woman” vaø “Her” gioáng nhau. - Böôùc 2: Boû töø gioáng trong caâu thöù hai vaø thay baèng ñaïi töø quan heä thích hôïp. Ñaïi töø naøy ñaët ôû ñaàu caâu thöù hai. Neáu ñaïi töø quan heä laø WHOSE, danh töø bò sôû höõu phaûi ñaët lieàn sau noù.
16. Who helped her. Which she bought yesterday. Whose son studies excellently. - Böôùc 3: Ñem caû caâu thöù hai (baây giôø noù ñaõ trôû thaønh meänh ñeà tính töø) ñaët ngay sau töø gioáng trong caâu thöù nhaát. Thí duï: The man who helped her is a hunter. Here is the pen which she bought yesterday. That is the woman whose son studies excellently.
17. Meänh ñeà quan heä chia laøm hai loaïi: + Defining relative clauses (restrictive relative clauses): Meänh ñeà quan heä haïn ñònh. Ta duøng meänh ñeà quan heä haïn ñònh ñeå xaùc ñònh töø gioáng trong caâu thöù nhaát bôûi vì töø naøy khoâng roû raøng vaø chung chung.
18. Ta coù coâng thöùc sau: CHUÛ NGÖÕ TAÂN NGÖÕ SÔÛ HÖÕU NGÖÔØI WHO WHOM WHOSE THAT VAÄT WHICH (OF WHICH) Trong meänh ñeà haïn ñònh ta coù theå duøng THAT thay cho WHO, WHOM vaø WHICH. WHOM vaø WHICH coù theå boû ñi khi chuùng ñoùng vai troø taân ngöõ trong meänh ñeà quan heä. WHOSE co thể thay cho OF WHICH.
19. Thí duï: The student who comes from Caracas studies well. The student that comes from Caracas studies well. The book which you gave me is boring. The book that you gave me is boring. The book you gave me is boring. * Khoâng coù daáu phaåy ngaên caùch meänh ñeà quan heä vôùi meänh ñeà chính.
20. + Non-defining relative clauses (non- restrictive relative clauses): Meänh ñeà quan heä khoâng haïn ñònh. Ta duøng meänh ñeà khoâng haïn ñònh ñeå boå sung yù cho töø gioáng trong caâu thöù nhaát bôûi vì töø naøy ñaõ ñöôïc xaùc ñònh roû bôûi caùc yeáu toá sau: - Noù ñöùng sau tính töø sôû höõu vaø sôû höõu caùch: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, Tom’s, the students’. - Noù ñöùng sau caùc tính töø chæ ñònh: this, that, these, those.
21. - Baûn thaân noù laø danh töø rieâng: Mr Smith, Mary, New York. - Noù ôû trong ngöõ caûnh ñaëc bieät maø caû ngöôøi noùi (vieát) vaø ngöôøi nghe (ñoïc) ñeàu hieåu roû. Thí duï: Mother, coming home from the market, said:” Tom, put this food into the fridge”. Caû ngöôøi meï vaø Tom ñeàu bieát roû tuû laïnh cuûa nhaø mình vaø noù ñöôïc ñaët ôû ñaâu, maëc duø khoâng coù töø naøo xaùc ñònh roû noù. (Chæ coù ngöõ caûnh xaùc ñònh noù).
22. Ta coù coâng thöùc sau: CHUÛ NGÖÕ TAÂN NGÖÕ SÔÛ HÖÕU NGÖÔØI WHO WHOM WHOSE VAÄT WHICH (OF WHICH) Trong meänh ñeà khoâng haïn ñònh ta khoâng theå duøng THAT thay cho WHO, WHOM vaøWHICH. Ta cuõng khoâng boû ñöôïc caùc ñaïi töø quan heä THAT,ä WHOM vaøWHICH khi chuùng ñoùng vai troø taân ngöõ trong caâu.
23. Phaûi coù daáu phaåy ngaên caùch meänh ñeà chính vôùi meänh ñeà quan heä. Thí duï: Mary, whose father is a poor teacher, studies very well. His boss, who comes from a farmer family, is very kind and honest. Look at this book, which is very interesting.
24. Use relative pronouns to make complex sentences. 1. Tu Ngan bought an umbrella. Our friends like it very much. 2. Bac lieu is famous for its bird sanctuary. There are a lot of kinds of birds in the sanctuary. 3. In Bac Lieu we know a well-known school. Its principal is Mr Thuan. 4. Thach Sanh headed the monster. It had killed a lot of people in the area. 5. Diep was in a hurry to the pagoda. Lan was a nun there.
25. 6. He has written a lot of emails. He has contacted his friends all over the world via emails. 7. The film terrified her. She watched it last night. 8. Don’t insult the unlucky men. They are in trouble sometime. 9. The birds have flown away. I found their nest in the tree behind my house. 10. He is curious about the reason. She has been sad for it in recent days.
26. Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative pronouns. 1. The machine made him stay up. Its noise was terrible. 2. The detective found the book. The woman had hidden the cheque in it. 3. It is September 2nd. We will never forget it. 4. We enjoy traveling to Dalat. There are a lot of places of interest there. 5. Linh has a dress. Mai has the same.
27. 6. He stood on the bridge. He could see the market well from it. 7. His neighbors do not know the reason. He has disappeared for it. 8. The snake returned to take revenge. The snake had been cut short. 9. He has bought a laptop. It is very expensive. 10. He also owns a desktop. He has sent and received a lot of emails via it.
28. Choose the one word or phrase, (A), (B), (C), or (D) that best completes the sentence: 1. H’mong people have to eat manioc are available in the mountainous areas. A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B 2. The Iraqis, have been terrified by wars, have longed to find their peace. A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B 3. The soldier and his weapons had been under the ruins were dug out. A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B
29. 4. Tu Loi, learns English well, is a vegetarian. A. that B. which C. who D. Both A and B 5. The girl marks were the highest in the 2002 provincial examination in English was My Linh. A. that B. which C. whose D. Both A and B 6. The car the carburetor has broken down can not be in use any more. A. of which B. which C. who D. that 7. The tunnel many guerrillas lived in during the war against the US imperialists have been decorated for tourism. A. where B. which C. that D. Both C and B
30. 8. May Day, everybody has a day off, is considered an international holiday. A. when B. which C. that D. Both A and B 9. Working men are able to join the classes for they pay fees. A. where B. which C. that D. Both A and B 10. When we use a word meaning is not certain, we may be asked to define it. A. where B. which C. that D. whose 11. The police have been looking for the reason the accountant corrupted the amount of over eight billion dong. A. where B. which C. that D. why
31. 12. The river along I used to walk in the childhood is going to be made deeper. A. where B. which C. that D. Both A and B 13. Those do not get along with everybody feel tasteless in their life. A. who B. which C. that D. whom 14. The sanctuary was famous for innumerable birds is nearly deserted nowadays. A. where B. which C. that D. Both B and C 15. The director encouraged the guard the gangsters had threatened to kill. A. whom B. which C. that D. Both A and C
32. Combine the following pairs of sentences, using relative pronouns. 1. Mary bought an umbrella. Our friends like it very much. 2. Bac lieu is famous for its bird sanctuary. There are a lot of kinds of birds in the sanctuary. 3. It is September 2nd. We will never forget it. 4. The detective found the book. The woman had hidden the cheque in it. 5. Linh has a dress. Mai has the same.
33. 6. He stood on the bridge. He could see the market well from it. 7. His neighbors do not know the reason. He has disappeared for it. 8. The snake returned to take revenge. The snake had been cut short. 9. He has bought a laptop. It is very expensive. 10. He also owns a desktop. He has sent and received a lot of emails via it.
34. 1. Here are some contracts ___ they may sign at the meeting. A. That B. which C. who D. Both A and B 2. They come to a place ___ sellers often gather. A. which B. in which C. where D. Both B and C 3. The reason ___ she did not come to the party was unknown. A. Why B. which C. that D. All are correct 4. The woman ___ you mentioned is the president of a company. A. That B. whom C. who D. Both A and B
35. 5. The room ___ he stayed was a mess. A. where B. which C. that D. Both A and B 6. Faraday received the training ___ enabled him to become one of the great scientists of all time. A. That B. whom C. who D. Both A and C 7. He sang in a low voice, half to himself and half to those ___ were in the tram. A. Who B. which C. whom D. whose 8. Some people do not know ___ Bill Gates is. A. what B. how C. which D. who
36. 9. The reason ___ she is sad is unknown. A. Why B. for which C. which D. Both A and B 10. The house ___ Uncle Ho lived is on a small street. A. where B. in which C. that D. Both A and B 11. These forces can be compared to the force of gravity, ___ is always pulling objects toward the earth. A. That B. which C. who D. Both A and B 12. The robbers looked for the house ___ door was marked by the detective. A. which B. who C. whose D. Both A and B
37. 13. Science offers people the supreme pleasure of clear, complete understanding, of creating order ___ there was confusion. A. what B. which C. where D. that 14. Ordinarily, in that wonderful game, there is no question of ___ wins or loses. A. what B. which C. who D. that 15. Science has objective criteria and a language ___ is the same in every country. A. That B. where C. who D. Both A and B 16. She called the man ___ she had sent. A. for that B. for whom C. who D. Both A and B
38. 17. She is the woman ___ conquers mount Everest. A. Who B. which C. whom D. Both A and C 18. Many houses ___ were destroyed in the accident were compensated and erected. A. where B. which C. that D. Both B and C 19. The landlord ___ house was the biggest in the village had a lot of tenants. A. Who B. which C. whose D. All are correct 20. She stopped him at the entrance___ they had a long talk. A. when B. where C. which D. that
39. 21. Then we realized the reason___ she had left him. A. which B. for which C. why D. Both B and C 22. He remembers Valentine’s Day ___ he can offer her a gift. A. when B. on whichC. which D. Both A and B 23. The teacher recommends ___ we get as thorough an education as possible. A. which B. who C that D. Both A and C 24. He does not say ___ a Ph.D. is a prerequisite to advancement. A. That B. no word is needed C. which D. Both A and B
40. 25. The baby looks at the fridge ___ his mother puts the milk. A. in which B. which C. that D. All are correct 26. Jack admires the detective ___ has discovered a lot of secret criminals. A. which B. who C. whom D. Both A and B 27. Teachers are the people ___ work at school. A. Who B. which C. whose D. when 28. One scientist estimates ___ our information doubles every 10 years. A. That B. no word is needed C. which D. Both A and C
41. Good luck!