Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - British and American English - Trương Văn Ánh

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1. British and American English SGU
2. There are four main variations between British and American English: - Variation in vocabulary - Variation in pronunciation - Variation in grammar - Variation in spelling
3. 1. Variation in vocabulary - There are quite a lot of words denoting the same object or notion, but having different forms in AE and BE. E.g coat(AE) - jacket(BE) pants - trousers fall - autumn
4. AE BE airman aviator attorney barrister, solicitor automobile (motor) car bar pub ballpoint biro/ball point bookstore bookshop calling card visiting card tin can
5. British English candies sweets coat jacket closet cupboard Cookies, crackers biscuits corn maize director producer drugstore Chemist’s shop
6. flashlight torch French fries chips garbage rubbish movie theater cinema elevator lift jelly jam stove cooker yard garden ill
7. 2. Variation in pronunciation a) In the vowel sounds: Changes of [i:] and [e ] Sometimes, swaps between vowels [i:] and [e] are also found. Here we have a few instances. • Change of [i:] to [e ] : devolution, epoch, evolution, febrile, predecessor. • Change of [e] to [i:] : cretin, depot, leisure, medieval, zebra. British English American English Candidate /i/ Candidate /ei/ Delegate Delegate Holiday Holiday Tomato /a/ Tomato /ei/ Pasteurisation /ai/ Pasteurisation /i/ crystallisation crystallisation
8. b) In the stress and vowel: c) British English American English garage ['gổrɑʒ] ['gərɑʒ] aristocrat ['ổristəkrổt] ['əristəkrổt] capillary [kə'piləri] [kổ'pi’leri] centenary [sen'tinəri] [sen'ti’neri] 'territory [~e] 'terri'tory [~o] auditory [~e] auditory [~o] 'stationary [~e] 'statio'nary [~o] 'secretary [~tri] 'secre'tary [~teri]  Remark: AE prefers the double stress
9. 3. Variation in grammar: a) Verbs BE burnt, dreamt, proved, got AE burned, dreamed, proven, gotten b) The word-order in words of river, valley, lake, etc. BE River Thames River Clyde University of London AE Harvard University Hudson River
10. c) In the use of preposition-adverbs •BE To fill out (the blank) Out side (the house) To meet (some one) To win •AE To fill in (the blank) Out side of (the house) To meet up (some one) To win out d) Miscellaneous •BE A letter was sent to Mary. •AE A letter was sent Mary.
11. e) Tense BE BrE uses the present perfect to talk about an event in the recent past and with the words already, just and yet AE American usage these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact )or the simple past Eg: "I have just arrived home." / "I just arrived home." "I have already eaten." / "I already ate Some verbs can take either a to+infinitive construction or a gerund construction (for example, to start to do something/to start doing something). For example, the gerund is more common: In AmE than BrE, with start,begin In BrE than AmE, with love,] like
12. f)Noun BE Collective nouns can take either singular (formal agreement) or plural (notional agreement) verb forms, according to whether the emphasis is on the body as a whole or on the individual members AE Collective nouns are almost always singular in construction: the committee was unable to agree. However, when a speaker wishes to emphasize that the individuals are acting separately, a plural pronoun may be employed with a singular or plural verb Eg: The team takes its seats.
13. 4. Variation in spelling - There are some well-known spelling differences between British English and American English. Many of these spelling differences result from French influence on English. British English has a tendency to keep the spelling of many words of French origin. Americans try to spell words more closely to the way they sound phonetically and they tend to omit some letters. - The general spelling differences between British and American English are listed below.
14. British -our vs. American -or difference armour armor behaviour behavior colour color favourite favorite Flavour flavor harbour harbor honour honor humour humor labour labor neighbour neighbor rumour rumor saviour savior
15. British -re vs. American -er British -ae/-oe/-oeu vs. American difference -e/-o/-eu difference amphitheatre amphitheater archaeology archeology centimetre centimeter gynaecology gynecology centre center leukaemia leukemia fibre fiber manoeuvre maneuver kilometre kilometer mediaeval medieval litre liter mementoes mementos lustre luster oestrogen estrogen louvre louver orthopaedic orthopedic manoeuvre maneuver paediatric pediatric metre meter spectre specter palaeontology paleontology theatre theater toxaemia toxemia
16. UK US accelerator gas [pedal], accelerator bonnet hood boot trunk mudguard, wheel arch, wing fender hood convertible top car park parking lot driving licence driver's license dual carriageway divided highway estate car station wagon flyover overpass gearbox transmission juggernaut 18 wheeler, tractor-trailer lorry truck articulated lorry trailer truck, semi motorway freeway or highway pavement sidewalk roadworks construction zone, roadwork
17. In summary, American English is different from British English because of : - The revolutionary leaning of a dictionary of Noah Webster. - Regional and national pride. - Cultural difference - The intention of making learning and writing the language easier.
18. To avoid embarrassed situations, you should be always aware of these differences : - American and British vocabulary - American and British pronunciation - American and British units of measurements - American and British grammar points - American and British Styles
19. More words: - aeroplane - airplane - dialogue - dialog - cheque - check - draught - draft - gauge - gage - kerb - curb - tyre - tire - gaol - jail - pyjamas - pajamas - plough - plow - judgement - judgment - Cinema - Movie - Chemist - Druggist - Goods -Freight
20. BE AE Railway railroad Sweet(s) candy Pavement sidewalk Roadway subway Petrol gas/ gasoline Lift elevator Flat apartment, flat, studio
21. BE AE Luggage baggage Maize corn Tap faucet Shop shop/ store Tube, underground subway Tin (opener) can
22. BE AE Postman mailman, mail/letter carrier Lorry truck/ semi/ tractor (bank) note bill Return ticket round- trip Car park parking lot Dustbin garbage/ trash can garden yard
23. AE BE eraser rubber Antena /aerial aerial Band – aid plaster bill/check bill (at a restaurant) Bathrobe bathgown cookie biscuit bureau cookie
24. AE BE vest waistcoat smokestack chimney Purse handbag flashlight Torch Yard garden undershirt vest trailer caravan vacation holiday
25. Total summary
26. BRITISH AND AMERICAN UNITS OF MEASURE
27. 1. Length: UNITS CONVERSIONS 1 mil = 0,001 in 1 caliber = 0.01 in 1 inch [ in] = 0.0254m (exactly) 1 hand = 4 inch
28. 1 foot [ft] = 12 in 1 yard [yd] = 3 ft = 36 in 1 pace = 5 ft = 60 in 1 fathom = 2 yd = 6 ft = 72 in 1 rod = 198 in
29. 1 chain = 792 in 1 furlong = 10 chains = 7920 in 1 statute mile = 8 furlongs = 63360 in
30. 2. Weight : UNITS CONVERSIONS 1 grain [gr] = 1/7000 pound avoirdupois 1 dram [dr] = 1/256 pound avoirdupois 1 ounce [oz] = 16 drams
31. 1 pound = 16 ounces = 7000 grains 1 stone [st] = 14 pounds 1 short hundredweight = 100 pounds 1 long hundredweight = 112 pounds 1 short ton [tn] = 2000 pounds 1 long ton [tn] = 2240 pounds
32. Troy Mass Units of the English System UNITS CONVERSIONS 1 grain [G] = 1/5760 pound troy 1 scruple = 20 grains 1 penny weight = 24 grains
33. 1 dram = 3 scruples = 60 grains 1 ounce = 8 drams = 480 grains 1 pound = 12 ounces = 5760 grains 1 pound troy = 5760/7000 pound avoirdupois
34. 3. Area : UNITS CONVERSIONS 1 square inch = 0,00064516m2 1 square mil = 0,000001 sq in 1 square foot = 144 sq in 1 square yard = 9 square foot = 1296 sq in 1 square rod = 39204 sq in
35. 1 square chain = 16 square rods = 484 sq yd 1 rod = 1210 sq yd 1 acre = 10 sq chains = 160 sq rods =4840 sq yd 1 square mile = 640 acres 1 subdivision = 40 acres 1 section = 16 subdivisions = 640 acres 1 township = 36 sections = 576 subdivisions = 23040 acres
36. AMERICAN AND BRITISH STYLE
37. • written form, spoken form, 1 spelling, grammar 2 • social and cultural 3 • Common uses
38. * 1. Written form: • Written forms of British and American English as found in newspapers and textbooks very little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media Ex: American newspapers vs British newspapers → This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called "standard English"
39. Spoken form: _ British spoken form vary considerably, reflecting a long history in the UK. It remains the accent upon which dictionary pronunciation guides are based, and for teaching English as a foreign language. _ An unofficial standard-American spoken English has also developed, as a result of mass media and geographic and social mobility. Despite this unofficial standard, regional variations of American English have actually intensified.
40. social and cultural The naming of school years in British (except Scotland) and American English British English American English Age range Name Alternative/Old name Syllabus Name Alternative name Preschool (optional) 1–4 Nursery Playgroup Foundation Stage 1 Day care Preschool Primary school 3–5 Reception Infants reception Foundation Stage 2 Pre-kindergarten Pre-K 5–6 Year 1 Infants year 1 Kindergarten Key Stage 1 Elementary school 6–7 Year 2 Infants year 2 1st grade 7–8 Year 3 First year Junior 2nd grade 8–9 Year 4 Second year Junior 3rd grade Key Stage 2 9–10 Year 5 Third year Junior 4th grade 10–11 Year 6 Fourth year Junior 5th grade Secondary school / High School Middle school Junior high school 11–12 Year 7 First form[70] 6th grade 12–13 Year 8 Second form Key Stage 3 7th grade 13–14 Year 9 Third form 8th grade High school 14–15 Year 10 Fourth form Key Stage 4, GCSE 9th grade Freshman year 15–16 Year 11 Fifth form 10th grade Sophomore year Sixth form (currently optional)[71] 16–17 Year 12 Lower sixth (AS) 11th grade Junior year Key Stage 5, A level 17–18 Year 13 Upper sixth (A2) 12th grade Senior year
41. • In Britain, political candidates stand for Common uses election, while in the US, they run for office. • In financial statements, what is referred to in AmE as revenue or sales is known in BrE as turnover. • Americans refer to transportation and British people to transport.(Transportation in Britain has traditionally meant the punishment of criminals by deporting them to an overseas penal colony.) • In the UK drink driving is against the law, while in the US, where the action is also outlawed, the term is drunk driving. The legal term in the US is driving while intoxicated (DWI) or driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). The equivalent legal phrase in the UK is drunk in charge of a motor vehicle (DIC) or more commonly driving with excess alcohol.
42. Good luck!