Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Syntax 3 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Syntax 3 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. SYNTAX Mr. Trương Văn Ánh 1
2. SENTENCE STRUCTURE: CATEGORIES Words of the language are assigned to several distinct categories to show that each word has a restricted range of possible functions and that there are restrictions on how the words can combine to form phrases. When words have the same distribution, that is, they have the same range of functions, can combine with the same other elements, and can occupy the same positions, they belong to the same category.
3. EXAMPLE: Their rather dubious joke. Her very funny story. In the two phrases, rather and very have the same function of modifying the adjective dubious/funny, can combine with the same adjective dubious/funny, and can occupy the same position before the adjective dubious/funny so they belong to the same category.
4. Each single word has its lexical category and each phrase also has its phrasal category. As whole phrases, they have the same distribution- they will be able to occupy the same position in sentence structure and have the same range of function. EXAMPLE: Their rather dubious joke. Their very dubious joke. Rather dubious and very dubious belong to the same phrasal category because they have the same distribution- they can modify, combine with and occur before the noun joke.
5. I. NOUN and NOUN PHRASE 1. DEFINITION OF THE NOUN According to traditional definition, a noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. For example, inspector, city and joke are nouns. Furthermore, inspector, city and joke are nouns because they have the same distribution: they occupy the same range of positions such as after adjectives and have the same range of functions such as subject of verb. (object, complement)
6. 2. NOUN PHRASE In a modifier-head relation it is the category of the head word that determines the category of the phrase a whole. So a noun phrase is a phrase that contains, and is centered on a noun as the head of the phrase. Only one noun in a noun phrase can function as its head. It is the head noun that determines the number (singular or plural) and the gender (masculine, feminine, or neutral) of the noun phrase as a whole. EXAMPLE: The extremely nice girl is my daughter.
7. Nouns and noun phrases can be replaced by pronouns. So in substituting a pronoun, we test more specifically whether the phrase is a noun phrase or not. EXAMPLE: Max and Adrian were talking. They were talking. Some common pronouns are · Definite pronouns: she/her, it, I/me, we/us, you, they/them. · Indefinite pronouns: some, something, someone, anything · Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those · Interrogative pronouns: who, which, what, whose · Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, her, ours, yours, theirs, whose.:
8. In ordinary sentences, the sentence (S) is always subdivided into NP VP S= NP + VP 1. Noun phrase NP= Det+N’ N’= N+Modifier Modifiers a word a phrase a clause 1.1. Premodifiers Premodifiers may be 11
9. 1.1.1. Adjectives NP Det N’ A N A lazy boy 1.1.2. Nouns NP Det N’ N N A school boy 12
10. 1.1.3. Participles NP Det N’ Pre. Part N NP A crying girl det N’ G N NP Det N’ A swimming pool Past Part. N The broken window 13
11. 1.1.4. Adverbials NP Det N’ Adv N A nearby school NP Det N’ AP N A Conj A A handsome and intelligent boy 14
12. 1.2. Post modifiers Post modifiers may be: 1.2.1. Prepositional phrase NP NP Det N’ Det N’ N PP N PP Prep NP Prep NP N’ Det N’ N N The way to school. The girl near the door 15
13. NP Det N’ A N PP Prep NP Det N’ AP N A The beautiful girl in the blue dress 16
14. 1.2.2. Participle phrase NP Det N’ N PPP Pres P PP NP Prep NP N N’ Det N’ N Adj N The school girl sitting in the front row 17
15. + Past participle (Post modifier) NP Det N’ N PPP Past P PP Prep N’ Det N The husband abandoned by his wife. 18
16. 1.2.3. Relative clauses NP Det N’ N S NP VP Pro V[monotrans] N’ N The students who played tennis. 19
17. 1.2.4. Adverds NP Det N’ N Adv A room upstairs 1.2.5. Adjectives NP Pro. Adj Something new 20
18. Special adjectives: NP Det N’ N AP A PP Prep N’ N A student good at mathematics 21
19. NP Det N’ N AP A Conj A A student poor but good 22
20. II. ADJECTIVE PHRASE and ADVERB PHRASE An adjective phrase (AP) is centered on an adjective (A). Other constituents are called modifiers. And, again like noun phrases, an adjective phrase can consist of an unmodified head, a simple adjective. EXAMPLE: My very colourful book. Very colourful is an adjective phrase modifying the noun book, and colourful is a simple adjective modifying the noun book.
21. AP AP Deg A A PP Very colourful P N Good at maths
22. An adverb phrase is centered on an adverb. Other constituents are called modifiers. By contrast with adjectives and nouns, degree adverbs such as very, rather, too, so, quite, etc. which occupy only the position before adjectives or adverbs cannot themselves be modified. So there is no distinction between a degree adverb and a degree adverb phrase. In a tree diagram, we employ the label „DEGREE‟ (shortened to „DEG‟). EXAMPLE: They work so hard everyday. Degree adverb
23. Adv P DEG Adv So hard
24. Another kind of adverb is general adverbs which can themselves be modified by degree adverbs to form adverb phrases- for example, very oddly, quite frankly. Since modification of a general adverb by a degree adverb is optional, an adverb phrase (like a noun phrase and an adjective phrase) can consist of just a simple general adverb. III. PREPOSITIONS and PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES Prepositions are generally short words that express relations, often locational relations in space or time. Prepositions take complements and their complements are always noun phrases. The tree diagram of a preposition is in the following example. A preposition phrase is centered on a preposition. Other constituents are called complements.
25. PP P NP Det N In the school
26. Adverb phrase S NP VP Pro Vgrp Adv P Deg Adv She sang fairly well Prepositional phrase PP Prep. NP Det N’ N behind the door 30
27. Good luck!