Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Syntax 4 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Syntax 4 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. SYNTAX Mr. Trương Văn Ánh 1
2. IV. CO-ORDINATE PHRASES In coordinate phrases, all constituents are equal to each other. Noun phrases can have more than one head. For example, the man and the woman has two noun heads: man and woman. Such phrases are called co- ordinate phrases. The words linking two heads are called co-ordinators including and, but, so and or. The whole co-ordinate phrase and the elements that are co-ordinated in them have the same distribution and so are of the same category. So the tree diagram of a co-ordinate noun phrase is the below.
3. NP NP Conj NP Det N Det N The man and the woman
4. To sum up any constituent, of any category, can consist of a co-ordination of constituents of the same category. It follows from this that only constituents of the same category can be co- ordinated. The mother and the sisters of the co- ordinator all have the same category label. Below are the examples of the tree diagrams of co-ordinate adjective phrase and co-ordinate prepositional phrase.
5. AP PP AP Conj AP PP Conj PP P NP P NP A A Det N Det N nice and beautiful on the desk and under the book
6. V. THE VERB PHRASE The one constituent that a verb phrase (VP) must contain is the verb group (Vgrp). The verb group consists of a lexical verb which is optionally preceded by other auxiliary verbs. EXAMPLE: I will be here tomorrow. Verb group Verb phrase
7. S NP VP Pro Vgrp AdvP AdvP Aux V Adv Adv I will be here tomorrow
8. Verb groups are sub-categorized according to what other elements must appear with them in the verb phrase. In other words, they are sub- categorized in terms of their complementation types. I. MONOTRANSITIVE VERB GROUPS A mono-transitive verb group is one which requires a single noun phrase to complement it. This noun phrase is said to function as its direct object. EXAMPLE: Students met their dean. Mono-transitive verb Direct object
9. Since the verb group and the noun phrase are in a functional relationship, the noun phrase needs to be represented as a sister of the verb group (and therefore as a daughter of the verb phrase. When a noun phrase is the sister of a verb group bearing a [monotrans] feature, we know that the function of the noun phrase is that of direct object.
10. S NP VP Det N Vgrp NP [monotrans] Det N The students met their dean
11. 2. INTRANSITIVE VERB GROUPS An intransitive verb group is one that does not require any further constituent as a sister in the verb phrase. Since an intransitive verb group does not require any further element to form a complete predicate, a single-word verb can count not only as a complete verb group but also as a complete verb phrase. So, a very simple sentence like the girl slept is represented as follows.
12. 3. DITRANSITIVE VERB GROUPS A ditransitive verb group is one which requires two noun phrases as its complementation. The first complement noun phrase functions as the indirect object, and the other complement noun phrase functions as the direct object. EXAMPLE: John gave his father a present. Ditransitive verb Indirect object Direct object
13. 4. INTENSIVE VERB GROUPS An intensive verb group requires a single complement, which can take the form of an adjective, or a noun phrase, or a prepositional phrase. The intensive verbs are called linking verbs including: be, seem, become, get, look, remain, appear, taste, feel, smell, sound, etc. The complement of an intensive verb group functions as a subject predicate or subjective complement.
14. EXAMPE: • You look tired. (adjective) • Ed becomes a doctor. (noun phrase) • They are in danger (prepositional phrase) Intensive verbs Subject predicates
15. S S NP VP NP VP N Vgrp AP N Vgrp NP [intens] [intens] A Det N Lan is beautiful Diep is a student
16. S NP VP Pro V[intens] Adv We are here. SP (Subject Predicate)
17. 5. COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERB GROUPS A complex transitive verb takes two complements: a direct object and an object predicate or object complement. Again, the predicate can take the form of an adjective phrase, or a noun phrase, or a prepositional phrase, or a participle or an infinitive, or an adverb phrase. Melvin found his own jokes extremely funny.(AP) They are making Stella their spokesperson.(NP) Lisa is putting the liquor on the bed.(PP) Complex verb groups Direct object Object predicate
18. S NP VP Pro Vgrp NP NP [complex] Pro N We call him Teo
19. S NP VP Pro Vgrp NP AdvP [complex] Pro Adv We supposed him upstairs.
20. S NP VP Pro Vgrp NP NP [complex] Det N Pro I thought the caller you
21. 6. PREPOSITIONAL VERB GROUP (Mono) A prepositional verb group must be complemented by a prepositional phrase which functions as prepositional complement. Glance, reply, refer, decide, (explain), etc. are the samples of the prepositional monotransitive verb groups. EXAMPLE: The man glanced at the shop. Prepositional verb group prepositional complement
22. S NP VP Det N Vgrp NP [Phrasal] Det N The man handed in the document.
23. 7. PREPOSITIONAL DITRANSITIVE VERB GROUP + Monotransitive prepositional verbs: Ex: They talked about her story. + Prepositional ditransitive verbs: Ex: She told me about her pity story. She reminded me of my country.
24. S NP VP Pro Vgrp NP PP [Ditrans] Pro Prep NP She told me about her pity story
25. Good luck!