Bài giảng môn Ngữ nghĩa học (Semantics) - A course book 8 - Trương Văn Ánh

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1. Semantics Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn
2. Summary Speaker meaning Sentence meaning Utterance Sentence Proposition Sense Reference Referent: Variable, constant, co-referent Referring expression Opaque context Predicator Predicate Degree of (Arguments) Universe of discourse Five kinds of sentences: Generic Equative Analytic Synthetic Contradiction
3. Unit 10: SENSE RELATIONS (1) IDENTITY AND SIMILARITY OF SENSE In previous units you were introduced to the notion of sense. We now proceed to the examination of sense relations. What we have referred to previously as the sense of an expression is the whole set of sense relations it contracts with other expressions in the language. We shall be mainly concerned with the sense relations which involve individual predicates and whole sentences.
4. SYNONYMY is the relationship between two predicates that have the same sense. Ex: In most dialects of English, stubborn and obstinate are synonyms. In many dialects, brigand and bandit are synonyms. In many dialects, mercury and quicksilver are synonyms.
5. A sentence which expresses the same proposition as another sentence is a PARAPHRASE of that sentence (assuming the same referents for any referring expressions involved). Paraphrase is to SENTENCES (on individual interpretations) as SYNONYMY is to PREDICATES (though some semanticists talk loosely of synonymy in the case of sentences as well). Ex: Bachelors prefer redhaired girls is a paraphrase of Girls with red hair are preferred by unmarried men. Bachelors prefer redhaired girls = Girls with red hair are preferred by unmarried men.
6. HYPONYMY is a sense relation between predicates (or sometimes longer phrases) such that the meaning of one predicate (or phrase) is included in the meaning of the other. Ex: The meaning of red includes the meaning of scarlet. Red is the superordinate term; scarlet is a hyponym of red (scarlet is a kind of red). Superordinate Hyponym House > < capital, city, province
7. We define HYPONYMY in such a way that SYNONYMY counts as a special case of hyponymy. For example, given two synonyms, such as mercury and quicksilver, we say for convenience that these also illustrate the hyponymy relationship, and that mercury and quicksilver are hyponyms of each other. Thus synonymy can be seen as a special case of hyponymy, i.e. SYMMETRICAL HYPONYMY. If X is a hyponym of Y and if Y is also a hyponym of X, then X and Y are synonymous.
8. A proposition X ENTAILS a proposition Y if the truth of Y follows necessarily from the truth of X. We extend this basic definition in terms of propositions to cover SENTENCES in the following way. A sentence expressing proposition X entails a sentence expressing proposition Y if the truth of Y follows necessarily from the truth of X. Ex: John ate all the kippers (X) entails Someone ate something (Y). John killed Bill (X) entails Bill died (Y). It is not possible to think of any circumstances in which sentence X is true and sentence Y false.
9. Two sentences may be said to be PARAPHRASES of each other if and only if they have exactly the same set of ENTAILMENTS; or, which comes to the same thing, if and only if they mutually entail each other so that whenever one is true the other must also be true. It rains heavily The roads are wet. One-way entailment He supports us We are supported by him. Two-way entailment
10. Hyponymy and synonymy are sense relations between predicates. The latter is a special, symmetric, case of the former. Entailment and paraphrase are sense relations between sentences, the latter being a special, symmetric case of the former. The sense relations between predicates and those between sentences are systematically connected by rules such as the basic rule of sense inclusion. These sense relations are also systematically connected with such sense properties of sentences as ANALYTICITY and CONTRADICTION.
11. Summary Speaker meaning Sentence meaning Utterance Sentence Proposition Sense Reference Referent: Variable, constant, co-referent Referring expression Opaque context Predicator Predicate Degree of (Arguments) Universe of discourse Five kinds of sentences: Generic Equative Analytic Synthetic Contradiction Synonym Hyponym > Superordinate Paraphrases Entailments (one-way / two-way)
12. GOOD LUCK!