Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Discourse analysis 2 - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Discourse analysis 2 - Trương Văn Ánh

1. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Mr. Trương Văn Ánh 1
2. Chapter 2 Linguistic elements in discourse Cohesion There are words and phrases which enable the writer or speaker to establish the relationships across sentence and utterance boundaries and which help to tie the sentences in a text together. There are five types of cohesion: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. 2
3. Reference (Referential cohesion) Ex: He loved her very much, but he got married to another girl. Who is he? Who is she? We don’t know. However, when we read the beginning of the above text: Lan and Diep were intimate friends in a small village. They grew up together. He loved her very much, but he got married to another girl. Then we know clearly that “he” is Diep and “she” is Lan. 3
4. There are two reference items: cataphoric and anaphoric. Cataphoric reference points the reader or listener forward – it draws us further into the text in order to identify the elements to which the reference items refer. Ex: He Diep; her Lan; Anaphoric reference points the reader or listener backward to a previously mentioned entity, process or state of affairs. Ex: Diep he; Lan her; Lan and Diep they 4
5. Personal, demonstrative and comparative reference. There are three sub-types of referential cohesion: personal, demonstrative and comparative. Personal reference Pronouns and determiners serve to identify individuals and objects that are named at some other point in the text. Ex: Margaret Thatcher died on April 8th, 2013. She is a great prime minister in Britain. 5
6. Demonstrative reference. Determiners and adverbs express demonstrative reference. These items can represent a single word or phrase, or much longer chunks of text – ranging across several paragraphs or even several pages. Ex: Lan and Diep were intimate friends in a small village. They grew up together. He loved her very much and swore to get married to her. However, this did not take place. 6
7. Comparative reference. Comparative reference is expressed through adjectives and adverbs and serves to compare items within a text in terms of identity or similarity. Ex: A: Would you like these seats? B: No, as a matter of fact, I’d like the other seats. C: How do you enjoy living in HCMC? D: I enjoy living here more than anywhere else. 7
8. Substitution and ellipsis At first Halliday and Hasan deal with substitution and ellipsis separately. Ellipsis is described as a form of substitution in which the original item is replaced by zero. Later Halliday combines substitution and ellipsis into a single category. Substitution There are three types of substitution – nominal, verbal and clausal. 8
9. Nominal substitution Ex: There are black and white coffee. He likes the black one. Verbal substitution Ex: She went there yesterday. So did I. Clausal substitution Ex: A: She is beautiful. B: I think so. In each of these examples, part of the preceding text has been replaced by one, did, and so respectively. These words can only be interpreted in relation to what has gone before9.
10. Ellipsis Ellipsis occurs when some essential structural element is omitted from a sentence or clause and can only be recovered by referring to an element in the preceding text. Ex: A: Which hat do you prefer: blue, green or brown? B: I prefer the brown. The full sentence should be: I prefer the brown hat. 10
11. As with substitution, there are three types of ellipsis – nominal, verbal and clausal. The point at which material has been omitted from the second sentence of each text is marked by (0). Nominal ellipsis Ex: My two books are foreign. Both (0) were printed in Australia. Verbal ellipsis Ex: A: Will you go to the meeting? B: Yes, I will (0). 11
12. Clausal ellipsis Ex: A: Mary will attend the meeting. B: Really? She didn’t tell me (0). 12
13. THE END 13