Bài giảng Tiếng Anh - Syntax 1 - Trương Văn Ánh

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1. SYNTAX Mr. Trương Văn Ánh 1
2. THE SYNTAX OF ENGLISH The term “syntax” is from the ancient Greek syntaxis, a verbal noun which literally means “arrangement” or “setting out together”. Traditionally, it refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence. Syntax deals with how sentences are constructed. Syntax: the grammatical principles, units, and relations involved in sentence structure. 2
3. Word classes Words are combined into larger structures – phrases, clauses, and sentences. Words and word groups can be analyzed by forms and positions. Classification of word classes: 1. Major classes – nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs – have a great many members. Minor classes – pronouns, numerals, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions and so on – have few members. 3
4. 2. Major classes tend to have referential meanings, since they involve, or allow, reference to actual things, actions, events, or properties, e.g. “Horse means that kind of animals.” uttered while pointing to a horse. Minor classes tend not to have referential meanings. That is their meanings are not easily specified by means of a neat definition, e.g. how would you define the or of? 4
5. 3. Major classes are receptive to new members. That is new words are added to some language every day. New nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs appear in every language. (open classes) Minor classes are not receptive to new members. We may not find any last new article, conjunction, pronoun or preposition. (closed classes) 5
6. English form classes (lexical words) Nouns: Nouns have two forms: inflectional and derivational morphemes. - Two inflectional suffixes: Noun plural morpheme: book-s, box-es Noun possessive morpheme: man’s, girls’ - Noun-forming derivational suffixes: sender, happiness, booklet, use 6
7. Verbs: Verbs have two forms: inflectional and derivational morphemes. Four verb inflectional suffixes: - Third person singular form: read-s, go-es - Present participle: Read-ing, run(n)-ing - Past simple: play-ed, went - Past participle: play-ed, gone Verb-forming derivational affixes: Acknowledge, bathe, deepen, enlarge 7
8. Adjectives: Adjectives have two forms: inflectional and derivational morphemes. Two adjective inflectional suffixes: - Comparative form: taller, hotter - Superlative form: tallest, hottest Adjective-forming derivational suffixes: Useful, yellowish, active, readable 8
9. Adverbs: Adverbs have two forms: inflectional and derivational morphemes. Two adverb inflectional suffixes: - Comparative form: later, earlier - Superlative form: latest, earliest Adverb-forming derivational suffixes: Usefully, happily, actively Note: Evenings (Suffix “S” may be an adverb- forming derivational suffix when the word means “every evening”). 9
10. Uninflected words (Functional words) Words that do not belong to one of the four form-classes – noun, verb, adjective, or adverb are known as uninflected words, UW’s. Uninflected words take no inflectional endings as listed below. 1. Words that are traditionally called nouns: pathos, advice, tennis, evidence, botany 2. Words that are traditionally called adverbs: often, seldom, also, never, perhaps 3. Words that are traditionally called adjectives: antic, menial, only, tired 4. Words that are traditionally called verbs: modals, auxiliaries (can, do, did, will, should, etc.) 5. Most of the words in the structure-classes: (Preposition, conjunction, pronoun, interjection) the, must, quite, from, and, since, which, all 10
11. English positional classes There are four positional classes: the nominal, the verbal, the adjectival and the adverbial. The words playing the role of subject, object and complement are the nominal. The verb conjugated in a sentence is a verbal (50) The adjectival occupies the position between the determiner and the noun, right after an intensive verbs, and the direct object. The adverbial modifies verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses and sentences. 11
12. Any word, whatever its form-class will be called a nominal if it occupies one of the eight noun positions. 1. The position of the subject: Upstairs is the safest hiding place. For Glenda to steal the diamond would be a shame. What he is holding is very important. 2. The position of the direct object: I hate learning German. He likes to drink coke. 3. The position of the indirect object: She gave whomever she met different offers. She gave nobody a hand shake. 12
13. 4. The position of the retained object: We were given the thinnest. He was bought a pen. 5. The position of the (subjective) complement: The pen is his. My hope is learning/learn/to learn English. 6. The position of the (objective) complement: She made him how miserable he is. They call her whatever they like. 13
14. 7. The position of the object of a preposition: He is keen on everything. He left the room without saying a word. 8. The position of the appositive He introduces his friend, a student. 14
15. Exclamatory sentences - What + N ! Ex: What a boy! - What + N + S + V! Ex: What a bad/good boy he is! - How + Adj/Adv! Ex: How beautiful! - How + Adj/Adv + S + V! Ex: How beautiful Thuy Kieu is! 15
16. Verbals are those forms that occupy the verb positions. He likes music. She would have been reading a book by that time. Verbals may be analyzed as follows: Tenses: Present simple, past simple, future simple, etc. Aspect: Perfect/imperfect Mood: Permission, ability, possibility, advice, etc. Voice: Active and passive Categories: Intransitive, Intensive, Monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive, monotrans-prep, ditransitive-prep. 16
17. Categories: Intransitive, Intensive, Monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive, monotrans-prep, ditransitive-prep. - Intransitive: She farts loudly. - Intensive/linking: It gets cold. - Monotransitive: He reads a book. - Ditransitive: He gave me a gift. - Complex transitive: I wish you to be healthy. - Monotrans-prepositional: He decided on the plan. - Ditransitive-prep: The story reminds me of my village. 17
18. Adjectivals, like nominals, occupy certain characteristic sentence positions. 1. The position between the determiner and the noun: That happy/elected/city/smiling man helps her. 2. The position right after the noun: The man sitting there is his father. 3. The position right after a linking verb: He looks quiet. 4. The position right after the direct object: They consider her useless. 18
19. Adverbials are the word groups as well as the single words that occupy the adverb positions and perform the adverb functions. 1. Initial position: Really, she is beautiful. Today it is cold. With some money he went to the store. When he comes home, he is very tired. 2. Medial position: - Between the subject and the beginning of the verb phrase. 19
20. He actually loves music. - After the modal/first auxiliary verb and before the main verb: He can often solve any problem. - After the main verb, especially linking verb, but before other obligatory elements of the clause. It is still four months away. He is at any event happy. 20
21. 3. Final position: - After intransitive verbs: He came last night. She drives very quickly. - After all other elements. He reads the book very fast. She has lived here for two years. Tom is hungry after he works hard. 21
22. English minor classes: Minor/closed classes include: pronouns, numerals (ordinal and cardinal), determiners, Prepositions, conjunctions (coordinate and subordinate) and auxiliaries. 22
23. KINDS OF VERBS (From the angle of sentence patterns) -Transitive verbs (Vt): There must be objects behind them. Ex: eat, like, check, play, love, write, etc. - Intransitive verbs (Vi): There are no objects behind them. Ex: sleep, live, yawn, appear, work, etc. -Linking/intensive verbs (Vl): They are be, become and seem, and any verbs that can be replaced by one of these three verbs. Ex: It gets cold = It becomes cold. 23
24. Transitive verbs may be divided into monotransitive, ditransitive and complex transitive. - Monotransitive verbs: Ex: He reads a book. - Ditransitive verbs: Ex: He buys me a book. - Complex transitive verbs: Ex: We call him Teo. 24
25. Besides, verbs may combine with prepositions, so there are two more kinds of verbs: monotransitive prepositional and ditransitive prepositional 1/Monotransitive prepositional verbs: Ex: They talked about her story. 2/Ditransitive prepositional verbs: Ex: The picture reminds me of my country. 25
26. Linking (Intensive) verbs Be, Become and Seem are linking verbs. Any verb which may be replaced by one of these verbs is called a linking verb. Ex: 1/ He gets to school. 2/ He gets some food. 3/ He gets sad. Only gets in sentence 3 is a linking verb because it may be replaced by becomes. 26
27. He goes to the club. His face goes red when he meets her. They came to the fair. His dream came true. Jack runs to the stadium. Jack’s money runs short. Jack runs a factory.
28. Basic Sentence Patterns TO BE (Patterns 1,2,3) Pattern 1: N(S) Be (V) Adj (C) Ex: Food is good. Sometimes a prepositional phrase can replace an adjective. Ex: The teacher was in bad mood. Pattern 2: N(S) Be(V) Adv (C) Ex: The girl is here. The game will be at three o’clock. 28
29. Pattern 3: N1(S) Be(V) N1(C) Ex: My brother is a doctor. LINKING/INTENSIVE VERB (Patterns 4 and 5) Pattern 4: N(S) Vl ADJ(C) Ex: The acrobat seems young. The screw worked loose. The defendant stood firm. Pattern 5: N1(S) Vl N1(C) Ex: He remains a doctor. She becomes a lecturer. Subject complement may be of five cases. 29
30. INTRANSITIVE VERB Pattern 6: N(S) Vi [intransitive] Ex: The sportsmen cried. The sportsmen were crying in the stadium. TRANSITIVE VERB (Patterns 7,8,9) Pattern 7: N1(S) Vt N2 (DO) [monotransitive] Ex: The boy caught a ball. He loved a doctor. Pattern 8: N1(S) Vt N2 (IO) N3 (DO) [ditransitive] Ex: He gave her some flowers. He gave some flowers to her. She was given some flowers. Some flowers were given to her. 30
31. Pattern 9: N1(S) Vt N2 (DO) a. N2(C) b. Adj(C) c. Pro(C) d. Adv(C) e. Pre. Part. (C) f. Past Part. (C) g. Prep Phrase(C) h. Inf. Phrase / To BE(C) i. bare infinitive phr (C) a. The basketball team chose Charlotte captain. b. He considered her brilliant. c. I thought the caller you. NOTES: This is a complex transitive verb. 31
32. d. We supposed him upstairs. e. She saw him crying. f. I believe him seated. g. We considered her in the way. h. We thought Chico to be a fine player. i. We heard him sing a song. (complete action) (We heard him singing a song). (a part of action) (Object complement can be nine elements: noun, adjective, pronoun, adverb, present participle, past participle, prepositional phrase, full infinitive and bare infinitive) 32
33. Attribute: (định ngữ) modifies nouns. It stands before or after nouns. (Noun modifier) Ex: A full bag; a bag full of gold The car in front of the building The car stops in front of the building. Adverb: (Trạng ngữ) modifies verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses and sentences. (Verb/Adj/Adv/Phrase/clause/ sentence modifier) Ex: She sings beautifully. He is very tall. He runs very fast. The car just in front of the building. Generally, he is reliable. 33
34. S N O N phrase/clause C Attribute N Adj phrase/clause V Adj Adv Adv Adv phrase/clause Phrase Clause Sentence 34
35. Analyze the sentence elements: 1. He showed me his card. 2. Mary writes some letters. 3. They live in Ca Mau. 4. Today it is windy. 5. Jimmy will fly to London. 6. Martha looks happy now. 7. They call her Peggy. 8. The room gets dirty. 9. Don’t drink it! 10. Who(m) are you phoning? 35
36. 11. He made her some milk. 12. Mary does some exercises. 13. They work in Da Lat. 14. Today it is cloudy. 15. Jimmy drove to London. 16. Martha seems happy now. 17. They call him Jimmy. 18. The house becomes clean. 19. Turn it on! 20. Why are you crying? 36
37. 21. Today is Thursday. 22. When will he leave for Ha Noi? 23. In the room stands a man. 24. There he comes. 25. How fast the horse runs! 26. Jack seems very excited today. 27. Mai often helps them. 28. They appointed her the chairman. 29. Henry called her yesterday. 30. The engineer will hold a meeting. 31. The last will analyze sentence 31. 37
38. 1. When will he leave for Ha Noi? When will he leave Ha Noi? 2. In the room stands a man. (a) In the room a man stands. (b) In the room he stands. (c) In the room stands he. (d) 3. “I’m tired”, he said. (a) “I’m tired”, said he. (b) “I’m tired”, Tom said. (c) “I’m tired”, said Tom. (d) 38
39. Prepositions Prepositions Particles Adverbs - Before nouns - Before nouns - No nouns - Meaningful - Meaningless - Meaningful 1. The book is in the drawer. 2. He hands in his paper. 3. The teacher comes in. 4. Jack stands up. 5. Mary looks up some new words. 6. They swim up the stream. 39
40. 7. Mary sat down sadly. 8. The ship went down the river. 9. He looked down upon them. 10. They are surprised at the news. 11. We are at SGU now. 12. That ‘s the news which he was amazed at. 13. The machine is out of order. 14. Watch out! It is dangerous. 15. They found out a wicked scheme. 40
41. 16. That’s the man whom he talked to. 17. He is looking forward to his parcel. 18. Jack threw the ball to his friend. 41
42. Good luck!