The modals and semimodals - Trương Văn Ánh

Nội dung text: The modals and semimodals - Trương Văn Ánh

1. THE MODALS AND SEMIMODALS Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn
2. I. WILL and SHALL Người Anh dùng: - Ngôi thứ nhất + SHALL + nguyên mẫu không TO - Các ngôi khác + WILL + nguyên mẫu không TO Người Mỹ dùng: - Tất cả các ngôi + WILL + nguyên mẫu không TO *Tương lai đơn giản có thể chỉ hành động thói quen hiện tại: Ví dụ: When the cat is away, the mouse will play.
3. *SHALL WE? có thể là lời đề nghị Ví dụ: Shall we eat out? Shall we have a drink? -Nếu đồng ý ta dùng: Yes, let's. -Nếu không đồng ý ta dùng: No, let's not. * WILL và SHALL được dùng trong câu hỏi đuôi như sau: * Will you? Làm nhẹ bớt mệnh lệnh (lên giọng) Ví dụ: Give me a hand, will you? Send it to me, will you? * Won't you? Chỉ sự mời mọc (xuống giọng)
4. Ví dụ: Have a cigarette, won't you? Do sit down, won't you? * Cũng có thể dùng Can hoặc Can't để ra lệnh: Ví dụ: Shut up, can't you? Sau mệnh lệnh phủ định ta dùng will you? Ví dụ: Don't forget, will you? * Let's chỉ ngôi thứ nhất số nhiều; Let us chỉ ngôi thứ hai số nhiều. Câu hỏi đuôi khác nhau. Ví dụ: Let's do it by ourselves, shall we? Let us watch the film, will you?
5. * SHALL I? đề nghị xin làm điều gì đó Ví dụ: Shall I drive? - No, I'm OK. I'll drive. Shall I serve you? - No,we can help ourselves. Shall I check the oil and water? - Please. + WILL và SHALL dùng ngược lại cách dùng của người Anh để chỉ các ý nghĩa sau đây. * Sự đe dọa: Ví dụ: I will kill you. He shall beat you. * Sự hứa hẹn: Ví dụ: I will buy you a present.
6. * Sự chắc chắn: Ví dụ: He broke the glass. The boss shall punish him.
7. HAVE TO HAVE TO (phải) chỉ sự bắt buộc của nguyên tắc, thói quen và ngoại cảnh. Ví dụ: We have to keep quiet at the pagodas and temples. * Ở dạng phủ định và nghi vấn Have To được dùng như động từ thường. Ví dụ: I don't have to learn at weekends. I didn't have to work when I was ill. Does she have to get up at 5 o'clock?
8. * Có thể thêm Got để chỉ sự thân mật Ví dụ: Have you got to do it? I haven't got to do it. I've got to walk to work tomorrow.
9. MUST Must cũng chỉ sự bắt buộc nhưng khác với Have to ở những điểm sau đây. * Must chỉ sự bắt buộc của luật pháp, nội quy hoặc kỷ luật (không tuân theo sẽ bị phạt. Ví dụ: People must drive on the right in Vietnam. Students must go to school on time. *Must chỉ sự chắc chắn về hành động. Ví dụ: She wins the lottery. She must be happy. Must chỉ sự ép buộc ai đó làm theo yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh. Ví dụ: You must drink as much as you can today.
10. * Must chỉ lời khuyên rất mạnh. Ví dụ: You must see Othello. It is marvellous. * Trong câu hỏi với Must và trả lời No ta phải cẩn thận. - Nếu thuộc về những điều cấm ta dùng Mustn't: Ví dụ: Must we trade heroin? - No, we Mustn't. - Nếu có ý nghĩa "không cần thiết" ta dùng Needn't: Ví dụ: Must we wear new clothes every day? - No, we needn't.
11. NEED Modal verb Main verb + Modal verb: Ex: He need work hard (I need work hard) Need he work hard? (He needn’t work hard) + Main verb: Ex: He needs to work. (I need to work) S V O He doesn’t need to work.
12. When subjects are things, NEED can only play the role of main verbs. Ex: The door needs painting. The door needs to be painted. The door needs being painted.
13. BE Modal verb Main verb + Modal verb: Ex: He is to be there tomorrow. He is to marry her. + Main verb: Ex: His wish is to see her. His wish is seeing her. His wish is see her. (Spoken English)
14. MAY, MIGHT * Chỉ sự phỏng đoán về hoàn cảnh. Ví dụ: There may be snow over high ground. We may have beautiful weather. I rang him but got no answer; he may/might be away. * MIGHT là quá khứ của MAY. Ví dụ: He said we might have beautiful weather.
15. *MAY chỉ sự được phép Ví dụ: May I see your ticket? * May dùng trong lời cầu nguyện hoặc ước muốn Ví dụ: May God bless you. May he pass the exam.
16. CAN, COULD * Diễn tả khả năng, năng lực. Ví dụ: I can play the piano. He can make furniture. He can speak French. *Chỉ sự yêu cầu. Ví dụ: Can you show me some cameras please? Can I try them on? Can I see your passport ?
17. * BE ABLE TO có thể thay cho CAN, nhưng ít được sử dụng. Tuy nhiên, ta dùng BE ABLE TO trong những trường hợp sau đây: 1. Chỉ khả năng kéo dài từ quá khứ đến hiện tại và có thể đến tương lai. Ví dụ: He has been able to play football for ten years. How long has he been able to drive? 2. Chỉ khả năng đặc biệt xảy ra trong tình huống đặc biệt. Ví dụ: When the boat sank five kilometers away from the shore, he was able to swim ashore.
18. WOULD * Would chỉ thói quen trong quá khứ, nhưng chỉ dùng với động từ hành động và không dùng với động từ chỉ trạng thái. Ví dụ: When he was a child, he would cry all day. * Would là dạng quá khứ của Will dùng trong câu điều kiện và tương lai trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: If he were a king, he would travel all over the world. He said he would buy me a present.
19. WOULD RATHER Would rather có nghĩa "thích hơn" mang tính chất lựa chọn. Ví dụ: Between English and Chinese, I would rather learn English. Would rather thường đi đôi với Than. Ví dụ: He would rather stay at home than go out.
20. WOULD RATHER được sử dụng trong câu đơn và câu phức: 1. Câu đơn: a. Sau WOULD RATHER là nguyên mẫu không TO nếu ta nói về các hành động hiện nay và trong tương lai. Ví dụ: He would rather drink beer now. He would rather drink beer tomorrow. b. Sau WOULD RATHER là nguyên mẫu hoàn thành (HAVE + P.P.) nếu ta nói về các hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ. Ví dụ: He would rather have drunk beer yesterday.
21. 2. Câu phức: Sau WOULD RATHER là các mệnh đề danh từ. Ta có 3 loại. a. Nói về hành động ở tương lai ở mệnh đề danh từ. Ta dùng thì hiện tại giả định (present subjunctive): động từ giữ nguyên đối với tất cả các ngôi, riêng ở phủ định ta đặt NOT trước động từ. Ví dụ: I would rather that you call me tomorrow. He would rather that I not take this train next time.
22. b. Nói về hành động ở hiện tại ở mệnh đề danh từ. Ta dùng thì quá khứ giả định (past subjunctive): giống như quá khứ đơn, riêng TO BE ta dùng WERE cho tất cả các ngôi. (Hành động trái với hiện thực). Ví dụ: Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does. (His girlfriend does not work in the same department) Jane would rather that it were winter now. (In fact, it is not winter now)
23. c. Nói về hành động ở quá khứ ở mệnh đề danh từ. Ta dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành giả định (past perfect subjunctive): giống như quá khứ hoàn thành. (Hành động trái với quá khứ). Ví dụ: Bob would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday. (Jill did not go to class yesterday) Bill would rather that his wife hadn’t divorced him. (In fact, his wife divorced him).
24. WOULD RATHER Simple sentence Complex sentence (Câu đơn) (Câu phức) + Hiện tại + tương lai + Tương lai V V + Hiện tại V-ED (WERE) + Quá khứ + Quá khứ Have + PP Had + PP
25. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1. He would rather (meet) her last week. 2. Jack would rather that he (be) in Dalat now. 3. She would rather (go) there next week. 4. I would rather that he (be) there tomorrow. 5. We would rather that she (give) us some tea last time. 6. Mary would rather (buy) that dress yesterday. 7. Hoa would rather that she (visit) me today. 8. They would rather that he (not learn) with them tomorrow.
26. 9. You would rather (stay) home last Sunday. 10. Mai would rather that we (be) with her next time. 11. I would rather (sell) this car in 2009. 12. The students would rather that their teacher (give) them the test last Monday. 13. Margaret would rather (sew) the dress two days ago. 14. John would rather that he (not attend) the meeting next Sunday. 15. Betty would rather that she (get) the parcel today. 16. He would rather (subscribe) to that newspaper now.
27. Multiple choice: 1. Jack would rather that he ___ in New York tomorrow. A. be B. were C. had been D. is 2. Jack would rather that he ___ in New York now. A. be B. were C. had been D. is 3. Jack would rather that he ___ in New York yesterday. A. be B. were C. had been D. is
28. 4. I would rather that he ___ me now. A. call B. called C. had called D. calls 5. I would rather that he ___ me next time. A. call B. called C. had called D. calls 6. I would rather that he ___ me last time. A. call B. called C. had called D. calls 7. I’d rather ___ him now. A. meet B. met C. had met D. have met 8. I’d rather ___ him last week. A. meet B. met C. had met D. have met
29. 9. He’d rather ___ the lottery today. A. win B. won C. had won D. have won 10. He’d rather ___ the lottery yesterday. A. win B. won C. had won D. have won 11. I would rather that she ___ me then. A. visit B. visited C. had visited D. visits 12. I would rather that she ___ me now. A. visit B. visited C. had visited D. visits
30. 13. I would rather that she ___ me tomorrow. A. visit B. visited C. had visited D. visits 14. I’d rather ___ coke yesterday. A. drink B. drank C. had drunk D. have drunk 15. I’d rather ___ coke at the moment. A. drink B. drank C. had drunk D. have drunk Good luck!
31. USED TO USED TO chỉ thói quen trong quá khứ, hiện nay không còn nữa Ví dụ: When you were a baby, you used to cry all day and all night. He used to work in a small border town. You used to be the best football in England. Chú ý: USED TO + nguyên mẫu khác với To be/get used to something/V-ing: quen với cái gì/ làm chuyện gì Ví dụ: He is used to hard work. He is used to working hard.
32. * Used to có thể đóng vai trò trợ động từ hoặc động từ thường ở dạng phủ định và nghi vấn. Ví dụ: He used to play the guitar. He usedn't to play the guitar. He didn't use to play the guitar. Used he to play the guitar? Did he use to play the guitar?
33. SHOULD * Should có nghĩa "nên, phải" để chỉ lời khuyên: Ví dụ: You should go on a died. You shouldn't eat too much. * Nguyên mẫu hoàn thành nói về quá khứ (một việc đáng làm mà đã không làm hay ngược lại) Ví dụ: You should have taken a holiday. You shouldn't have gone to pubs. * Should = ought to: Tuy nhiên ought to dùng trong trường hợp trang trọng và có nghĩa mạnh hơn. Ví dụ: The government ought to invest more in education.
34. BE SUPPOSED TO Be supposed to diễn tả sự mong đợi về hành vi. Thường nó diễn tả ý tưởng người ta mong người cụ thể nào đó làm điều gì đó. Hoặc người ta mong đợi chuyện gì đó sẽ xảy ra theo sự ấn định nào đó. Ví dụ: I am supposed to go to the meeting. My teacher told me that he wants me to attend. The football match is supposed to begin at 3:00.
35. HAD BETTER Về ý nghĩa Had better gần nghĩa với Should/ought to, nhưng Had better co nghĩa mạnh hơn. Thường Had better ngụ ý khuyến cáo, đe dọa hoặc sự lựa chọn ( tốt hơn nên). Ví dụ: Between English and Chinese, you had better learn the former. ( A robber to his hostage): You had better keep silent. Had you better make noise?
36. Exercises on modal verbs 1. During the Lunar New Year 2003, Ngoc got a lot of lucky money. She have been very happy. A. must B. should C. would D. could 2. The Cambodians were very angry. The Thai film not have distorted the truth of the Angkor temple. A. must B. should C. would D. could 3. Miss Quyen won a great deal of money in a competition. She have bought a car, but she did not. A. must B. should C. would D. could
37. 4. If Tam had driven more carefully and slowly, he have avoided that traffic accident. A. must B. should C. would D. could 5. Hang not have talked to that foreigner because she did not know any other language than Vietnamese. A. must B. should C. would D. can 6. Mr Dong have immigrated to the United States with his family, but he stayed in Vietnam. A. must B. should C. would D. could
38. 7. He regretted that he have bought the ticket which won the lottery after that. A. must B. should C. would D. could 8. The spaceship with seven spacemen have had problem in the fuel tank. The investigator has not known the true cause. A. must B. might C. would D. could 9. At the party yesterday Tu Loi not have eaten beefsteak because she is a vegetarian. A. must B. should C. would D. can
39. 10. Que is living in Bangladesh. She not attend the wedding party yesterday in Soc Trang. A. must B. should C. would D. can 11. Huynh Tram have studied in another college because she was an excellent student at high school. A. must B. should C. would D. could 12. Ngoc To have studied in Foreign Trade college because he was good at English and Vietnamese. A. must B. should C. would D. could
40. 13. A man have been prosecuted by law if he had joined the Vietnamese communist party under the Saigon government. A. must B. should C. would D. could 14. Ninh have treated her students fairly. Several parents complained about her prejudice in teaching. A. must B. should C. would D. could 15. The pot was too hot for him to touch. It have been heated for a long time. A. must B. should C. would D. could
41. 16. That man not have copied the long text because his ten fingers had been cut. A. must B. can C. would D. could 17. You was drunk and made trouble. You have kept sober. A. must B. should C. would D. could 18. Huan have eaten curry because his mouth stained yellow. A. must B. should C. would D. could
42. 19. She knocked over the glass and stained the carpet. She have been more careful. A. must B. should C. would D. could 20. His wife abandoned him and his children. He have been very miserable. A. must B. should C. would D. could 21. Mr Tu Ech buy a house if he harvests a good crop. A. will B. would C. can D. could
43. 22. Trung regretted painting his house brown. It looks dark. He a different colour. A. must choose B. would rather choose C. will have chosen D. would rather have chosen 23. Let us go to the canteen for a drink, ? A. will we B. Shall we C. will you D. can you 24. You have just eaten many things . You angry. A. can not feel B. will feel C. must feel D. should feel
44. 25. I left an apple on the table. I can’t see it now. What happened to it? - I don’t know. You it. A. must have hidden B. might have hidden C. should have hidden D. could have hidden 26. There be a test on mathematics this afternoon. Why don’t you take some paper? - Thank you for your reminding. A. must B. can C. may D. will 27. Hoa has a new pair of sandals. She it for a very good price. A. was able to buy B. could buy C. was supposed to buy D. might buy
45. 28. We rather stay in the room and wait. A. would B. had C. can D. will 29. Since we have to travel ten kilometres in two hours, we a taxi. A. may take B. needn't take C. are supposed to take D. had better take 30. I am very regretful now. I played tricks on my teachers. A. should not have B. could not have C. had to D. might not have
46. 31. He has been in London for five years. He move to New York because he is working for a new company now. A. can B. may C. has to D. could 32. Bac Lieu dandies extravagant. Their offspring are broke now. A. should not have been B. could not have been C. would not have been D. might not have been 33. I be there at 7 P.M. for the meeting. I have arranged everything. A. am going to B. shall C. will D. should
47. 34. How long have you taught English? - I taught English for seventeen years so far. A. can have B. will have C. must have D. have 35. Do you think that Thanh did not commit the crime? - He that crime because he was a kind man. A. may not have committed B. can not have committed C. must not have committed D. should not have committed 36. Hoa Huong is sitting on the bench alone. She . A. can study B. may be studying C. must be studyingD. should be studying.
48. 37. Between ice-cream and candy, I think you eat ice-cream. A. would rather B. had better C. may D. can 38. make me a cup of coffee? - Not at all. A. Why don’t you B. Must you please C. Would you mind D. Could you please 39. I pass you the soya sauce? - Thank you. A. Could B. Should C. May D. Can
49. 40. Mr Ngo drove all the way from Bac Lieu to Nha Trang. He was very tired by the time he arrived. He taken a rest on the way. A. may have B. must have C. should have D. could have 41. Keep quiet here, ? A. will you B. would you C. can you D. could you 42. Let' s stay overnight tonight, ? A. will you B. shall we C. will we D. can we
50. 43. Children drink chocolate than coke. A. can B. should C. must D. would rather 44. Have a drink, ? A. can you B. will you C. won’t you D. can’t you 45. When she was a child, she kill a snake. A. used to B. would C. could D. Both A and B
51. 46. We not use dictionaries in the test. A. can B. may C. must D. shall 47. You look very fresh. You take a rest. A. will B. should C. mustn't D. can't 48. He be here now. The boss is waiting for him. A. will B. has to C. may D. should
52. 49. You take photographs in this area. They will be very nice. A. can B. must C. will D. may 50. Frogs live in wet places. A. used to B. are used to C. would rather D. Both A and C Good luck!